Chapter+15

Chapter 15 Vocabulary Words –

Absolutism–a form of government in which the sovereign power or ultimate authority rested in the hands of a monarch when claimed to rule by divine right and was therefore responsible only to God

Boyars–the Russian nobility

Divine right monarchy–a monarchy based on the belief that monarchs receive their power directly from God and are responsible to no one except God

Gentry–well to do English landowners below the level of the nobility. They played an important role in the English Civil War of the seventeenth century.

Intendant–royal official in seventeenth-century France who was sent into the provinces to execute the orders of the central government.

Mercantilism–an economic theory that held that a nation's prosperity depended on its supply of gold and silver and that the total volume of trade is unchangeable; its adherents therefore advocated that the government play an active role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, especially through the use of tariffs.

Procurator–the head of the Holy Synod, the chief decision making body for the Russian Orthodox Church.

Puritans–English Protestants inspired by Calvinist theology who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England

Quizlet

__**Chapter 15 Identify Terms**__

“divine right”- kings received their power from God, their authority was absolute, responsible only to God
 * Witches-** increased number of trials and executions of the presumed, many prosecuted throughout Europe, accused to due religious uncertainties and social conditions, women mainly accused
 * Thirty Year’s War**- Catholicism (Habsburg) v. Calvinism (Bohemia), fought on Germanic lands, conflict of leadership between the Bourbon dynasty of France and the Habsburg dynasties of Spain and the HRE, divided HRE, social and economic effects debated, lasted 30 years (1618-1648)
 * Gustavus Adolphus-** king of sweden; responsible for turning it into a world power, responsible for reviving Sweden and turning it into a great Baltic power, military genius, devout Lutheran, killed in the Battle of Lützen
 * Peace of Westphalia-** ended war in Germany, ensured that all German states were free to determine own religion, recognized Calvinism as a religion, made it clear that religion and politics were separate
 * Conscript standing armies-** gave military flexibility, were first established by Adolphus
 * Absolutism-** sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king who claimed to rule by diving right
 * Bishop Jacques Bossuet-** one of the chief theorists of divine-right monarchy, French theologian and court preacher, argued that government was divinely ordained so that humans could live in an organized society, believed God would hold a king accountable for his actions, ideas expressed in his book Politics Drawn form the Very Words of Holy Scripture
 * Cardinal Richelieu-** Louis XIII's chief minster, weakens Huguenots and nobles, eliminates their political and military rights, sent out intendants (royal officials)
 * Cardinal Mazarin-** Richelieu's trained successor, dominated French government, Louis XIV's advisor
 * The Fronde-** noble revolt, revolt against Mazarin, challenged absolutism
 * Louis XIV-** became king at age 4, created court of Versailles, called himself the Sun King, high nobles were greatest threat to his rule, issued Edict of Fontainebleau, pro army of 100000 in peacetime, 400000 in time of war, waged four wars between 1667-1713
 * Edict of Fontainebleau-** issued by King Louis XIV, destroyed Huguenot churches, closed Protestant schools
 * Versailles-** court created by King Louis XIV, forced home of high nobles by King Louis to control them
 * Jean-Baptist Colbert-** King Louis XIV's controller general of finances, adhered to mercantilism
 * Louis XIV’s wars-** pro army of 100000 men in peacetime and 400000 in time of war, 4 wars between 1667-1713
 * Peace of Utrecht-** ended Spanish war, confirmed Phillip V as spanish ruler
 * Brandenburg-Prussia-** dominions of the house of hohenzollern, consisted of three disconnected masses in western, central, and eastern Germany, founded by frederick william the great elector
 * Frederick William the Great Elector- laid foundation for the Prussian state, built a competent and efficient standing army, established the general war commissariat**
 * The Hohenzollerns- ruled northeastern germany, received brandenburg-prussia**
 * Treaty of Karlowitz- Austria estabished empire in southeastern europe**
 * The Romanovs- michael romanov (tsar) began dynasty**
 * Russian serfdom- desirable to the landowners because there was an abundance of land and a shortage of peasants**
 * The Orthodox Church- unsettled conditions created by merchant and peasant revolts**
 * Peter the Great- positive impact of firearms on women, "opens a window to the west", reorganized central government, sought to gain state control of the russian orthodox church, attacks sweden, battle of Narva and great northern war, made saint petersburg new capital of russia**
 * Saint Petersburg- peter the great made new capital of russia, symbol russia was looking westward to europe**
 * Great Northern War- russia against sweden, led by peter the great, sweden became a second-rate power**
 * Vienna and the Ottoman Empire- european power, ruled by sultan suleiman I the magnificent, turks attempted to conquer ___**
 * Poland’s Sejm- poland diet, two-chamber assembly in which landowners completely dominated the few townspeople and lawyers who were also members**
 * The House of Orange- began with william of orange and his heirs, occupied stadholderate, favored a centralized government with themselves as hereditary monarchs, opposed by the states general**
 * Amsterdam- replaced antwerp as the financial and commercial capital of europe**
 * The Stuarts- after death of queen elizabeth, tudor dynasty became extinct, began with inauguration of James I of england**
 * Puritans- protestants in anglican church inspired by Calvinists theology who wanted to eliminate catholics from the church of england**
 * English Civil War- parliament versus king of england, King charles I was captured, parliament proved victorious, new model army, military reports by oliver cromwell**
 * Oliver Cromwell- reported on english civil war, new model army, lord protector, dissolves parliament, divided country into eleven regions**
 * Levellers- opposed cromwell, called for annual parliaments**
 * The Restoration- Charles II returned to england after eleven years of exile, issued the declaration of indulgence which suspended laws that parliament had passed against catholics and puritans, parliament passed test acts**
 * Test Act- only anglicans could hold military and civil office**
 * James II- catholic; tried to institute catholic reforms, new declaration of indulgence, protestant daughters mary and anne, catholic son**
 * Glorious Revolution- william of orange and wife were invited to invade england, wife and son fled to france, as a result, william and mary became monarchs**
 * Thomas Hobbes- writes leviathan, people form a commonwealth,** **subjects may not rebel**
 * John Locke- two treatises of government, inalienable rights to life, liberty, and property, people and sovereign form a government**
 * Bill of Rights- affirmed parliament's right to make laws and levy taxes and made it impossible for kings to opposed or do without parliament**
 * Manerism- style of art, elongated and contorted figures, el greco**
 * El Greco- mannerism artist, theotocopoulos, moved** **to spain**
 * Bernini- italian architect and sculptor, baroque, throne of saint peter**
 * Gentileschi- baroque, judith beheading holofernes**
 * Baroque- style of art, dramatic effects to arouse the emotions**
 * French Classicism- france replaced italy as the cultural leader of europe, emphasis on clarity, simplicity, balance, and harmony of design**
 * Rembrandt van Rijn- dutch realist, syndics of the cloth guild, realistic portrayals of secular everyday life**
 * William Shakespere- his plays performed in the glove theatre, actor and shareholder in chief company of the time, the lord chamberlains company**
 * Lope de Vega- set the agenda for playwrights, prolific writer, wrote to please audience**
 * Racine- theme and plot from classical greek and roman sources, Phedre, focused on conflicts that characterized and revealed tragic dimensions of life**
 * Moliere- enjoyed favor of french court and benefitted from patronage of king louis XIV, Tartruffe, ridiculed religious hypocrisy**

[|Ch. 15 Quizlet]

Chapter 15 Readings - Perry Vol. 1

//Please remember, in order to better understand, the author’s back ground and point of view and the context in which the document was written, you need to read the introduction material provided by the editors of the book.//

//As you read, remember to underline or otherwise make notes of passages that provoke your interest (agree, disagree etc.) Make note of these and bring them up during class discussion.//

Jacob Spenger and Heinrich Kramer – //The Hammer of the Witches// Johannes Junius – //A Confession of Witchcraft Explained// Duc de Saint-Simon – //An Assessment of Louis XIV// Liselotte von der Pfalz – //A Sketch of Court Life// Bishop Jacques- Benigne Bossuet - //Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture// Thomas Hobbes - //Leviathan// //The English Declaration of Rights//

Be prepared to discuss the following question in class.

According to The Hammer of Witches, what anti-Christian practices did witches engage in? According to Johannes Junius, how were apparently innocent people successfully prosecuted for practicing witchcraft? What did the victims of the witch craze and Inquisition have in common?

According to Saint-Simon, what were Louis XIV’s likes and dislikes? What were the Duchesse d’ Orleans major complaints about her life at court?

According to Bossuet, why do kings merit absolute obedience, and what duty do they owe to God?

What was Thomas Hobbes’s view of human nature and what conclusions did he draw from it about the best form of government? What has been the political legacy of Hobbes’s notion of the state?

How did the declaration of rights limit royal authority? With what result? In what ways did the Glorious Revolution impact upon the American rebellion in the 1770’s?

Chapter 15 Multiple Choice Answers
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