Chapter+21

__**Vocabulary Words**__


 * 1) **Balance of power - a distribution of power among several states such that no single nation can dominate or interfere with the interests of another**
 * 2) **Burschenschaften - student societies in the German states dedicated to fostering the goal of a free, united Germany**
 * 3) **Conservatism - an ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority and resisted change, especially abrupt change**
 * 4) **Ideology - a political philosophy such as conservatism or liberalism**
 * 5) Intervention - idea that after the Congress of Vienna great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries experiencing revolution to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones.
 * 6) Legitimacy - idea that after the Napoleonic wars, peace could best be reestablished in Europe by restoring legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional
 * 7) **Liberalism - an ideology based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible. Economic liberalism is the idea that the government should not interfere in the workings of the economy. Political liberalism is the idea that there should be restraints on the exercise of power so that people can enjoy basic civil rights in a constitutional state with a representative assembly.**
 * 8) **Ministerial responsibility - a tenet of nineteenth-century liberalism that held that ministers of the monarch should be responsible to the legislative assembly rather than to the monarch.**
 * 9) **Nationalism - a sense of national consciousness based on awareness of being part of a community-a "nation"-that has common institutions, traditions, language, and customs and that becomes the focus of the individual's primary political loyalty**
 * 10) **Pantheism - a doctrine that equates God with the universe and all that is in it**
 * 11) **Romanticism - a nineteenth-century intellectual and aristic movement that rejected the emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment. Instead, Romantics stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion and imagination as sources of knowing.**
 * 12) **Socialism - an ideology that calls for collective or government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods.**
 * 13) **Ultraroyalists - in nineteenth-century France, a group of aristocrats who sought to return to a monarchical system dominated by a landed aristocracy and the Catholic Church.**
 * 14) **Utopian socialists - intellectuals and theorists in the early nineteenth century who favored equality in social and economic conditions and ished to replace private property and competition with collective ownership and cooperation.**
 * [|Quizlet]**

Ch 21 Identify

//**[|Sections 1 & 2 Quizlet]**// [|Terms to Identify Quizlet]
 * 1) **Congress of Vienna - Sept. 1814; principle of** **legitimacy; balance of power in Europe; defeat France but ensure peace of war**
 * 2) Klemens von Metternich - Austrian foreign minister; conservative; feared nationalism; liberalism-threat
 * 3) Legitimacy - idea that after the Napoleonic wars, peace could best be reestablished in Europe by restoring legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional
 * 4) Balance of power - **a distribution of power among several states such that no single nation can dominate or interfere with the interests of another**
 * 5) **Edmund Burke -** // Reflections on the Revolution in France // ; society was a contract; no one has the right to get rid of this partnership; advised against violet overthrow of a government by revolution, but didn’t reject all change; no sudden change
 * 6) Conservatism - an ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority and resisted change, especially abrupt change
 * 7) Joseph de Maistre - counterrevolutionary and authoritarian conservatism; restoration of hereditary monarchy, absolute monarchy=order in society
 * 8) Concert of Europe - European powers’ fear of revolution and war led them to develop the Concert of Europe as a means to maintain the new status quo they had constructed
 * 9) **The congress system - Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria; discuss their common interests and examine measures that will be judged for the prosperity of people and peace in Europe**
 * 10) Simon Bolivar - became leader of independence movement, joined by a growing class of merchants resented the domination of their trade by Spain and Portugal; liberated northern south america from spain; the Liberator
 * 11) Monroe Doctrine - guaranteeing the independence of the new Latin American nations and warning against an further European intervention in the New World
 * 12) Greek Revolt - 1821-greeks revolted against their ottoman turks greeks had been allowed to maintain their language and their greek orthodox faith; greeks’ national sentiment added to growing desire for liberation; Noble cause1827-british and French fleet went to Greece and defended a large Ottoman armada1828-Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire and invaded its European provinces of Moldavia and Walachia Treaty of Adrianople-1829, Russians received a protectorate over the two provinces. Ottoman Empire agreed to allow Russia, France and Britain to decide the fate of Greece.1830-Greece became an independent kingdom;1832-royal dynasty established
 * 13) **Britain’s Tories and Whig****s** - whigs support from industrial middle class; tories largely dominated the government until 1830 and had little desire to change the existing political and electoral system.
 * 14) **Corn Laws -** imposed high tariffs on foreign grain
 * 15) **Peterloo massacr**e - protests due to Corn Law, calvary attacked a crowd of 60,000 people, 11 deaths, Restricted large public meetings and the dissemination of pamphlets among the poor
 * 16) **Louis XVIII - Bourbon dynasty restored through him; accept Napoleon's civil code & added bicameral legislature;**
 * 17) **Charles X -** granted an indemnity to aristocrats whose lands were confiscated during the Revolution; Encouraged Catholic Church to reestablish control over the French educational system.
 * 18) **carbonari** - secret societies continued to conspire and plan for revolution in Italy
 * 19) **Germanic Confederation -** Austria and Prussia with 38 states that were once holy roman empire; No real executive, only central body was federal diet; Favored liberal principles; Abolition of serfdom, municipal self-government through town councils, expansion of primary and secondary school and universal military conscription to form a national army; No creation of a legislative assembly or representative government; Largely absolutist state little interest in German unity; Multinational state, a collection of different peoples
 * 20) // **Burschenschaften -** // student societies dedicated to fostering the goal of a free united Germany; honor, liberty and fatherland; Carlsbad decree rule out Burchenschaften
 * 21) **The Decembrist revolts -** military leaders of the Northern Union rebelled against the ascension of Nicholas I; soon crushed by troops loyal to Nicholas; leaders executed
 * 22) **Tsar Nicholas I -** reactionary, brother renounced his claims, avoid another rebellion, strengthened bureaucracy & the secret police
 * 23) **Classical economics -** **economic liberalism; laissez-faire**
 * 24) Thomas Malthus - //Essay on the Principles of Population;// population increases at a geometric rate while the food supply correspondingly increases at a much slower arithmetic rate; severe overpopulation & ultimately starvation for human race if growth is not checked; nature imposes a major restraint; misery and poverty result of the law of nature
 * 25) David Ricardo - //Principles of Political Economy//
 * 26) Iron law of wages - increase in population means more workers; more workers in turn cause wages to fall below the subsitence level=misery & starvation=reduction of population; number of works declined, wages rise above the subsistence level again, encourage workers to have larger families as the cycle is repeated; raising wages would be pointless
 * 27) John Stuart Mill - //On Liberty-//absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on all subejects that needed to be protected from both government censorship and the tyranny of the majority & //On the Subjugation of Women//
 * 28) //**On the Subjugation of Women -**// legal subordination of one sex to the other was wrong; differences between men and women were due to social practice, equal education=women could achieve as much as men
 * 29) **Utopian socialism -** against private property and compertitive spirit of early industrial capitalism; A better environment for humanity could be achieved
 * 30) **Charles Fourier -** Voluntary associations that would demonstrate the advantages of cooperative living; Proposed the creation of small model communities called phalansteries; Self-contained cooperatives consisting ideally of 1,620 people; Inhabitants would live and work together for their mutual benefit; Work assignments would be rotated frequently to relieve workers of undesirable task; Unable to gain financial backing for his phalansteries
 * 31) **Phalansteries - small model communities; ideally 1,620 people**
 * 32) Robert Owen - British cotton manufacturer; Humans would reveal natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment;
 * 33) New Lanark - Owen Transformed a squalid factory town into a healthy community
 * 34) Louis Blanc - //Organization of Work//-maintained that social problems could be solved by government assistance; Called for the establishment of workshops that would manufacture goods for public sale; Gov. financed these workshops, workers would own and operate them.
 * 35) Flora Tristan - Fostered a utopian synthesis of socialism and feminism; //Worker’s Union//-advocated the application of Fourier’s ideas to reconstruct both family and work; Absolute equality=only hope to free the working class and transform civilization
 * 36) France’s July Revolution of 1830 - rebellion against July Ordinances; barricades went up; provisional Gov. led by a group of moderate, propertied liberals was formed and appealed to Louis-Philippe to become constitutional king of France; Charles x fled and went to Britain
 * 37) **Louis Philipp**e - bourgeois monarch, political support came from upper middle class; dressed like middle class; issued constitutional changes that favored upper bourgeoisie; financial qualifications for voting were reduced; bourgeois completely excluded from political power.
 * 38) Parties of Movement - Adolphe Thiers; ministerial responsibility, pursuit of an active foreign policy and limited expansion of the franchise.
 * 39) **The Party of Resistance**-François Guizot; “perfect form” of government, no further institutional changes; dominated chamber of deputies after 1840; suppress ministerial responsibility and policy favoring interests of wealthier manufactures and tradespeople
 * 40) Reform act of 1832 - Explicit recognition the changes wrought in British life by the Industrial Revolution; disenfranchised 56 rotten boroughs and enfranchised 42 new towns and cities reapportioned others; new industrial urban communities voice in Gov.
 * 41) Revolutions of 1848 - 1846-severe industrial and agricultural depression=great hardship to French lower middle class, workers and peasants; 77 banquets (not rallies) were held in winter 1847-1848; After banquet in Paris on Feb. 22, Louis=Philippe proposed reform, unable to form another ministry and abdicated throne on Feb. 24 and fled to Britain; Provisional Gov.-moderate and radical republicans; reps. For a constituent assembly convened to draw up new constitution elected by universal manhood suffrage;
 * 42) France’s Second Republic - unicameral legislature of 750 elected by universal male suffrage and a president, Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
 * 43) Frankfurt Assembly - dominated by well-educated, articulate, middle-class delegates; aroused controversy by claiming to be the Gov. for all of Germany
 * 44) Louis Kossuth - Hungarian liberal leader; agitated for “commonwealth” status; keep the Habsburg monarch but wanted own legislature
 * 45) Giuseppe Mazzini - (leader), nationalist, create united Italian republics; // The Duties of Man; //young italy
 * 46) Young Italy - goal to create a united Italy
 * 47) Jacksonian Democracy - mass democracy; dropped traditional property qualifications for electorate; suffrage expanded to all adult white males
 * 48) Serjents - new police; March 1829; blue uniforms; lightly armed; only 85 officers
 * 49) Bobbies - 3,000 officers appeared on the street of London; Sr. Robert Peel; useful for imposing order on working-class urban inhabitants; clean up after Saturday night’s drinking bouts; professionalism after better pay and treatment
 * 50) //**Schutzmannschaft -** Berlin city police; organized more along the lines of military; Swords, pistols and brass knuckles//
 * 51) London Mechanics’ Institute - instruct the working classes in the applied sciences in order to make them more productive members of society
 * 52) Romanticism - balance the use of reason by stressing the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion and imagination as sources of knowing
 * 53) Goethe - //The Sorrows of the Young Werther//; inspired lots of romantic pieces
 * 54) **The Sorrows of the Young Werthe** r - sought freedom in order to fulfill himself, continued to search for his feelings for a girl who did not know that he existed
 * 55) Brothers Grimm - German, collected and published local fairy tales
 * 56) **Sir Walter Scot**t - // Ivanhoe // ; tried to evoke the clash between Saxon and Norman knights in medieval England
 * 57) Neo-Gothic Architecture - pseudo-medieval style of architecture
 * 58) Mary Shelly - // Frankenstein //
 * 59) **Frankenstein -** story of mad scientist who brings into being a humanlike monster who goes berserk
 * 60) Percy Bysshe Shelly - set out to reform the world’ //Prometheus Unbound//-protrait of the revolt of human beings against the laws and customs that oppress them
 * 61) **Lord Byron - Romantic hero; tremendously popular among European reading public; youth imitated his haughtiness and rebelliousness**
 * 62) ****William Wordsworth -**** nature contained a mysterious force; nature served as a mirror into which humans could look to learn about themselves; nature was alive and sacred
 * 63) ****Caspar David Friedrich -**** German painter ; Lifelong preoccupation with God and nature; Nature was a manifestation of divine life; Artistic process depended on one’s inner vision
 * 64) ****JMW Turner -**** English painter; Concern with nature manifested itself in innumerable landscapes and seascapes, sunrises and sunsets; Did not idealize nature or reproduce it with realistic accuracy; Convey nature’s moods by using skilled interplay of light and color to suggest natural effects
 * 65) ****Eugene Delacroix -**** Most famous French romantic artist; Fascinated by exotic and color; “painting should be a feast to the eye”
 * 66) ****Ludwig von Beethoven -**** Served as bridge between classicism and romanticism; German; Music had to reflect deepest inner feelings; His work was largely within the classical framework of the 18th century and the influences of Haydn and Mozart; Broke through to the elements of Romanticism in his use of uncontrolled rhythms to create dramatic struggle and uplifted resolutions
 * 67) ****Hector Berlioz -**** French; Founders of program music, attempt to use the moods and sound effects of instrumental music to depict actions and emotions inherent in a story, an event or even a personal experience; //Symphonie Fantastique//-uses music to evoke the passionate emotions of a tortured love affair
 * 68) **Chateaubriand’s** //**Genius of Christianity -**// “Bible of Romanticism”; defense of Catholicism based on Romantic sentiment

Chapter 21 Primary Source Readings Sources of the Western Tradition – Perry

//Please remember, in order to better understand, the author’s back ground and point of view and the context in which the document was written, you need to read the inroduction material provided by the editors of the book.//

//As you read, remember to underline or otherwise make notes of passages that provoke your interest (agree, disagree etc.) Make note of these and bring them up during class discussion.//

Thomas R. Malthus – ON THE PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION Edmund Burke – REFLECTIONS ON THE REVOLUTION IN FRANCE Klemens von Metternich – THE ODIOUS IDEAS OF THE PHILOSOPHES Joseph de Maistre – ESSAY ON THE GENERATIVE PRINCIPLE OF POLITICAL CONSTITUTIONS Benjamin Constant – ON THE LIMITS OF POPULAR SOVERIGNTY John Stewart Mill – ON LIBERTY

10.What view of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth century conservatives are valued by American conservatives today? 11.Benjamin Constant held that the consent of a people cannot make legitimate what is illegitimate. What implications did his statement that “the jurisdiction of sovereignty stops at the point where the independence of individual life starts” have for liberalism and the prevailing ideas about majority rule? 12.How did Constant propose to limit popular sovereignty? 13.What was the purpose of John Stuart Mill’s essay? 14.For Mill, what is the “peculiar evil of silencing the expression of an opinion,” however unpopular? 15.On what grounds would Mill permit society to restrict individual liberty? 16.Do you think it is ever legitimate for the state to restrain an individual from harming himself?
 * 1) What are the “fixed laws” of human nature according to Thomas Malthus?
 * 2) For Malthus, how did the power of population growth compare with that of the means to increase food?
 * 3) What distinction did Malthus draw between preventive and positive checks to population growth?
 * 4) Why is Malthus considered to have been a pessimist?
 * 5) Do any of Malthus’s arguments apply to our world today?
 * 6) Why was Edmund Burke opposed to the French Revolution?
 * 7) What was Klemens von Metternich’s opinion of “the progress of the human mind…in the …last three centuries” and its effect upon the society of his time?
 * 8) What did Metternich mean by, “Drag through the mud the name of God and the powers instituted by His divine decrees, and the revolution will be prepared!”?
 * 9) Why did Joseph de Maistre believe that man cannot create a constitution and no legitimate constitution can be written?

Chapter21 Multiple Choice Answers
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