Chapter+26

__**-Vocabulary Words**__
 * 1) **Reparations - payments made by a defeated nation after a war to compensate another nation for damage sustained as a result of the war; required from Germany after World War I**
 * 2) **Squadristi** - in Italy in 1920s, bands of armed Fascists used to create disorder by attacking Socialist offices and newspapers
 * 3) **authoritarian state** - a state that has a dictatorial government and some other trappings of a totalitarian state but does not demand that the masses be actively involved in the regime's goals as totalitarian states do
 * 4) **Führerprinzip** - in Nazi Germany, a leadership principle based on the belief in a single-minded party (the Nazis) under one leader (Hitler)
 * 5) **Fascism** - an ideology or movement that exalts the nation above the individual and calls for a centralized government with a dictatorial leader, economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition; in particular, the ideology of Mussolini's Fascist regime in Italy
 * 6) **Inflation** - a sustained rise in price level
 * 7) ** Lebensraum **- "living space". The doctrine, adopted by Hitler,
 * 8) ** New Economic Policy ** - a modified version of the old capitalist system introduced in the Soviet Union by Lenin in 1921 to revive the economy after the ravages of the civil war and war communism
 * 9) ** civil disobedience ** - a policy of peaceful protest against laws or government policies in order to achieve political change
 * 10) ** collective farms **-large farms created in the Soviet Union by Stalin by combining many holdings into large farms worked by the peasants under government supervision
 * 11) ** Depression **- a very severe, protracted economic downturn with high levels of unemployment
 * 12) **Surrealism** - an artistic movement that arose between World War I and World War II. Surrealists portrayed recognizable objects in unrecognizable relationships in order to reveal the world of the unconscious.
 * 13) ** totalitarian state **- a state characterized by government control over all aspects of economic, social, political, cultural and intellectual life, the subordination of the individual to the state, and insistence that the masses be actively involved in the regime's goals
 * 14) **uncertainty principle** - a principle in quantum mechanics, posited by Heisenberg, that holds that one cannot determine the path of an election because that very act of observing the electron would affect its location
 * 15) **Functionalism** - the idea that the function of an object should determine its design and materials
 * 16) **Dadaism** - an artistic movement in the 1920s and 1930s begun by artists who were revolted by the senseless slaughter of World War I and used their "anti-art" to express contempt for the Western tradition

[|Vocabulary]

Ch 26 Identify

The Unknown Soldier(s)- unidentified military corpses

League of Nations- guaranteed to protect the rights of the minorities or the states formed by the peace treaties; nothing effective; only weapon promoted in economic sanctions such as trade embargoes and financial ties; did not reprimand the military actions even though trying to promote disarmament; U.S. not part of it; proved to all be a failure

Dawes Plan- plan to reproduce reparations and stabilize Germany's payments so it can pay back in stability; loan $200 million dollars; start of American international investment

Treaty of Locarno- agreement between Germany and France conerning borders; changes in borders of Germany with Belgium and France; not expected to be permanent but in view of the start of an era of peace nevertheless

Kellogg-Briand Pact- when Germany entered the League of Nations; pact drafted by America and France to agree and pledge for war to no longer me national policy; an empty space on the consequences of violation of the treaty

Great Depression- caused by domestic economies and international financial crisis; Germany's loans to America, America starts its own investment, after crash withdraw money from european markets, all weakened and collapsed; great rates of unemployment and homeless; start of social unrest and start of movements

John Maynard Keynes- codemned traditional view that in a free economy, depressions should be left to work themselves out; unemployment comes from decline in demand; demand could be increased through public works and financed through deficit spending to stimulate production.

the Popular Front-leftist parties come together against the right-wing parties; coalition government of Socialists and Radicals with Leon Blum as prime minister; initiated a program for workers to have the French New Deal: a lot of advances; could not solve problems of depression

the New Deal- policy of active government intervention in economy; variety of agencies designed to bring relief, recovery, and reform

Second New Deal - stepped-up programs of public workers; Works Progress Administration: public workers; welfare and insurance; encouraged labor unions

Ataturk-General Mustafa Kemal of Turkey; wanted to create a new modernized Turkey (republic); one requirement to adopt family names in European style; "ataturk" means "Father Turk"; formed secular repulic with nationalism and western ways

Mohandas Gandhi- "Great Soul"; movement based on nonviolent resistance to force British to improve the poor and grant independence in India; peaceful policy of civil disobedience - refusing to obey British regulations; dhoti made from spinning wheel - symbol of resistance to imports of British textiles

Benito Mussolini- started as a socialist but then intervened in World War I; started a political movement of fascism which meant changing to right-wing politics; recieved support from the middle class industrialists by appealing to their anticommunism, antistrike activity; emphasized the use of brute force and violence

//Fascio di Combattimento- Mussolini's "League of Combat"; gained attention through a political stalemate in Italy's parliamentary system and strong nationalist sentiment//

//Squadristi- band of armed Fascists; turn to attack the Socialist offices and newspapers and break up strikes and leagues through force//

The blackshirts- promote use of violence; welcomed the opportunity of unrestrained violence; use terrorist attacks for political victory

“Women into the Home”- promote the new Italian through family; Fascist slogan; women were basic foundations of family so must be homemakers and baby producers; population growth equals national strength; also want to reduce male unemployment

Weimar Republic- German democratic state; fragmented republic led by Paul von Hindenburg who was not exactly supportive of the republic; republic suffered politcally and economically; people against republic and old order remains; the problems let Hitler take intervention

Adolph Hitler- extreme German nationalist who was completely racist and anti-semitism which indicated his great hatred for Jews; found use of propoganda and terror and established the importance of strugle; formed the Nazi party and asserted himself in complete control of government.

//Mein Kampf- Hitler's Autobiography//

Nazis- Hitler took complete control of German Workers' Party making it into National Socialist German Workers' Party; distinguish the party from other socialist parties and support from working-class and nationalist circles; political movement for right-wing extreme nationalist party; used it to take over the failing Weimar Republic - national party organization

//Fuhrerprinzip- leadership principle use to lawfully take over the party and gain power with a single-minded party under one leader//

The Enabling Act- empower government to dispense with constitutional forms for four years while it issued laws that would deal with the country's problems; legal basis for Hitler's acts, and made him dictator appointed by parliamentary body

“Germany Awake”- faith in government started to fail among the people; this Nazi slogan appealed psychologically to the people in rise of national awakening; image of dynamic new Germany

Aryanism- master dominant race; pursuit of path to perfect race of Germany; measures taken to extremes; Jews viewed as non-Aryans

//Hitler Jugend- youth organization for foundation of strong totalitarian state//

Nuremburg Laws- disallowed Jews to recieve a German citizenship; a way to completely separate Jews from the perfect Aryan race; forbaded from any German involvements

//Kristalnacht- "Night of Shattered Glass"; spurred by the assassination of the 3rd secretary of German embassy by a Polish Jew; Nazi destructive rampage; burning building and synagogues, killing thousands, crushing thousands of businesses; further separates Jews from Germans//

New Economic Policy-modified version of old capitalist system; peasants could now openly sell their produce and have their own small industries or businesses under private ownership; larger companies and other industries were left for the government

Joseph Stalin- the general secretary of the Communist party who had the advantage of choosing and using his most trusted followers into the government; eventually gained complete control over Communist party, eliminated Old Bolsheviks, ordered Trotsky's death, and established dictatorship; known as one of the greatest mass murderers in history

Five-year plans- goal of transforming the Soviet Union from agricultural to industrial country; emphasized maximum production of capital goods and armaments; quadrupled production of heavy machinery; doubled oil production

Stakhanov cult- Alexei Stakhanov was held as example for doing 1300 percent more work a day than normal; feat used for public purposes; soviet labor policy stressed high levels of achievement

Francisco Franco- did not accept the Popular Front; Spanish military leader who revolted against the government and inaugurated Spain into a three-year war called the Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War- two opposing sides: Republicans (left) and Nationalists (right); complicated with foreign interferences: Non-Intervention agreement signed by five powers later disregarded; ended with Franco's forces gaining Madrid

“wireless” and the BBC-start of mass communications; radio waves found by Guglielmo Marconi; led to Permanent broadcasting facilities which led to mass productions of radios; reach to the mass audience; British Broadcasting Corporation becomes a public corporation

//Birth of a Nation// and //The Blue Angel- American film as a full length featurette that showed the start of entertainment for the audience and as a novalty for the music halls; promoted stars for public adoration and scrutiny, Ex. Marlene Dietrich showed new image of women's sexuality//

//Dopolavoro - Italy (Afterwork) national recreation agency; clubhouses, libraries, athletic facilities, auditoriums, travel agencies, vacations; facets of mass culture and mass leisure iwth activities; government provide recreational activities and supervised them; old group solidarities broken down//

//Kraft durch Freude- Nazi (Strength through Joy) coordinate free time of the working classvariety of leisure time actiities; similar to Dopolavoro; inexpensive vacations//

Oswald Spengler’s //The Decline of the West - belief of something wrong with Western values; emphasized decadence of Western civilization and posited its collapse//

Marie Stopes’ //Married Love- emphasized sexual pleasure in marriage; rose up along with the social beliefs of break from old tradition so that women got a new image//

German Expressionism- group of artist affected greatly by the Great War and focused on suffering and shattered lies caused by war

George Grosz and Otto Dix- artists part of German Expressionism; visual expressions of horror and anger expressions; inspiration from serving in the war

Dadaism- elaborating on the purposelessness of life; revolted by the insanity of life; "anti-art" or rebellion of art movements

Hannah Hoch and Tristan Tzara- commented on women's roles in new mass culture and criticizing "new women" by making fun of easy inclinations of the modern world for women; Tzara was a founder of Dadaism

Salvador Dali’s //The Persistence of Memory- recognizable objects taken out of noraml contex; incorporating unrecognizable relationships; making irrational become tangible to get the viewers to question the rational//

Louis H. Sullivan and the Chicago School- new building methods; pioneering architectural designs with urban growth and no restrictive architectual designs; reinforced concrete, steel frames, and electrical elevators

Frank Lloyd Wright- pioneered the modern American house

Bauhaus School and Walter Gropius- staff of architects, artists, and designers teach a school of art, architecture, and design; foster union of arts and crafts to create building and objects of future; teach students to have sensibility of artist and knowledge of technician

Kurt Weill’s //The Threepenny Opera - with use of jazz rhythms and other popular musical idioms//

“degenerate art”- modern art rejected by Hitler and Nazi; modern art considered equal to "Jewish" art

“socialist realism”- focus on pictorial style of realistic presentation; inculcate social values useful to ruling regimes; parallel to the new genuine German art of Nazis

Arnold Schoenberg and atonal music- use of tonality used into atonal music; no traditional forms; independent scale with tonal keys

“stream of consciousness”- new literary technique with use of interior monologue; report on the innermost thoughts of each character

James Joyce’s //Ulysses- used "stream of consciousness"; disconnected ramblings and veiled allusions//

Virginian Woolf’s //Mrs. Dalloway- also used "stream of consciousness"; inner monologues of main characters for their world of existence//

Hermann Hesse’s //Steppenwolf- mirrored psychological confusion of modern existence//

Carl Jung- influenced Hesse's work with his psychological theories; introduced new idea of unconscious; question/challenge Freud's ideas = opening for spiritual needs; dual unconscious - personal and collective

Ernest Rutherford and the atom- showed how atoms could be split; introduced to "heroic age of physics"

Werner Heisenberg and the uncertainty principle- a principle in quantum mechanics, posited by Heisenberg, that holds that one cannot determine the path of an election because that very act of observing the electron would affect its location; shattered confidence of predictability; proposed that uncertainty was the root of all physical laws

Chapter 26 Primary Source Readings Sources of the Western Tradition – Perry

//Please remember, in order to better understand, the author’s back ground and point of view and the context in which the document was written, you need to read the introduction material provided by the editors of the book.//

//As you read, remember to underline or otherwise make notes of passages that provoke your interest (agree, disagree etc.) Make note of these and bring them up during class discussion.//

Why did Joseph Stalin argue that the tempo of industrialization could not be slowed down? How important is the idea of “fatherland” to Stalin?
 * Joseph Stalin – THE HARD LINE - Dinges, Salters**

How would you characterize the motivation of the young Lev Kopelev and his associates in carrying out the collectivization of agriculture? How, in retrospect, did Kopelev explain his role in the collectivization drive?
 * Lev Kopelev – TERROR IN THE COUNTRY SIDE - Erb, Escobedo**

Describe the different ways people in the Ukraine responded to the famine.
 * Miron Dolot – EXECUTION BY HUNGER Moreland**

In light of the A.O. Avdienko reading, how would you say Communist were supposed to feel about Stalin?
 * A.O. Avdienko – THE CULT OF STALIN - Medrano**

What were Yevgeny Yevtushenko’s reasons for denouncing Stalin? What do you think Yevtushenko meant by the “corruption of the human spirit” under Stalin?
 * Yevgeny Yevtushenko – LITERATURE AS PROPAGANDA - Plezia**

Why was Nikita Khrushchev careful to distinguish Stalin from Lenin? What charges against Stalin did Khrushchev highlight in his speech? What image of Stalin did Khrushchev draw?
 * Nikita S. Khrushchev – KHRUSHEV’S SECRET SPEECH - Waters**

Why did Benito Mussolini consider pacifism to be the enemy of fascism? Why did Mussolini attack Marxism? How did Mussolini vie majority rule and equality? What relationship did Mussolini see between the individual and the state?
 * Benito Mussolini – FASCIST DOCTRINES - Henderson**


 * Max Cohen - I WAS ONE OF THE UNEMPLOYED - Mayes**

Provide examples of the psychological impact on those victimized by unemployment.
 * Heinrich Hauser – WITH GERMANY”S UNEMPLOYED - Vafiadis**

How did Adolf Hitler account for cultural greatness? Cultural decline? What comparisons did Hitler draw between Aryans and Jews? What kind of evidence did Hitler offer for his anti-Semitic arguments?
 * Adolf Hitler – MEIN KAMPF - Schwartz, Thomas**

What insights did Hitler have into mass psychology and propaganda? What foreign policy goals did Hitler have for Germany? How did expect them to be achieved? How did Hitler mesmerize his audience?
 * Kurt G.W. Ludecke – THE DEMAGOGIC ORATOR - Locascio, Geis**

According to Thomas Mann, what new mental attitude emerged that heralded the end of the bourgeois age? How did Mann view extreme nationalism and National Socialism? What did Mann mean by “politics becomes an opiate for the masses”?
 * Thomas Mann – //AN APPEAL TO REASON - McGee, Nabors//**

Point out several ways that Ernst Rudolf Huber’s views represent a rejection of the Western liberal-democratic tradition.
 * Ernst Huber – “THE AUTHORITY OF THE FUHRER IS…ALL-INCLUSIVE AND UNLIMITED” - Velez, Wahl**

Why do you think the Nazis made the burning of books a public event? Why does book burning have such potent symbolism?
 * Louis P. Lochner – BOOK BURNING - Raymond, Maloney**

What lessons did Roth draw from the book burning?
 * Joseph Roth - THE AUTO-DA-FE OF THE MIND - Ryan, Pitner**

What effect did the Nazi boycott of Jews in Dortmund have on Marta Appel. Her family, and her friends?
 * Marta Appel – MEMOIRS OF A GERMAN JEWISH WOMAN - Chang, Bryant**

What evidence does David H. Buffman provide to show that many Germans did not approve of the events of //Kristallnacht//?
 * David H. Buffman - NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS (KRISTALLNACHT) - Hannon**

Chapter26 Multiple Choice Answers
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