Chapter+14

Chapter 14 Vocabulary Words –

**__Audiencias__**- advisory group who assisted the viceroy in governing Spanish territories in the New World

**__Capital__**- material wealth used or available for use in the production of more wealth.

__ **Conquistadors**- __"conquerors." Leaders in the Spanish conquests in the Americas, especially Mexico and Peru, in the sixteenth century.

**__Encomienda__**-in Spanish America, a form of economic and social organization in which a Spaniard was given a royal grant that enabled the holder of the grant to collect tribute from the Indians and use them as laborers

__**Joint-sto****ck**__ **__company__-**a company or association that raises capital by selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investment while a board of directors runs the company

**__Mercantilism__**-an economic theory that held that a nation's prosperity depended on its supply of gold and silver and that the total volume of trade is unchangeable; its adherents therefore advocated that the government play an active role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, especially through the use of tariffs.

__**Middle Passage**-__journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas, middle leg of the triangular trade route

__**Portolani**-__charts of landmasses and coastlines made by medieval navigators and mathematicians in the 13th and 14 centuries to help sailors

**__Price revolution__**-the dramatic rise in prices (inflation) that occurred throughout Europe in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.

**__Triangular trade__**-a pattern of trade in early modern Europe that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas in an Atlantic economy

Chapter 14 Vocabulary Quizlet

__**Chapter 14 identify terms**__

__**Prestor John**-__ fictional character who attracted Europeans to foreign lands with his magical Christian kingdom in Africa


 * __The Travels of John Mandeville__**- fantasy literature about realms filled with precious stones and gold, also attracted Europeans to foreign lands


 * __Marco Polo__**- one of the most famous medieval travelers to the east, son of merchant Niccolo of Venice, experiences documented in the //Travels//- most informative of all descriptions of Asia, Christopher Columbus had this book when he began his voyage across the Atlantic Ocean

__“God, gold and glory”__- primary motives of European expansion

__Portolani__- charts made by medieval navigators and mathematicians in the 13th and 14th century, drawn on a flat scale, took no account of the earth's curvature

__Ptolomy’s Geography__- book containing his world map, showed the world as spherical with 3 major land masses- Europe, Asia, and Africa- and 2 oceans, oceans were smaller than landmasses, he underestimated the earth's circumference

__Lateen sails and square rigs__- allowed for the construction of ships mobile enough to sail against the wind and engage in naval warfare and also large enough to mount heavy canons and carry substantial amounts of goods over long distances

__Compass and astrolabe__- navigational aids, ascertain latitude below equator without using the Pole Star

__Prince Henry the Navigator__- motivated for overseas voyage by his religious zeal- "to make increase in the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ and to bring him all the should that should be saved"

__The Gold Coast__- Portuguese discovered a new source of gold along the southern coast of the hump of West Africa

__Bartholomew Dias__- Portuguese sea captain who rounded the Cape of Good Hope but feared mutiny from his crew and returned

__Vasco da Gama__- Portuguese sea captain who rounded the Cape of Good Hope and stopped at several ports controlled by Muslim merchants along the coast of East Africa, reached the port of Calicut where he announced that he had come in search of " Christians and spices", he did not find Christians but loaded his ships with greatly profitable spices like ginger and cinnamon back to Europe

__Calicut__- a port on the southwestern coast of India where Vasco da Gama found plentiful spices that he loaded his vessels with and returned to Europe

__Alfonso de Albuquerque__- admiral who set up port facilities at Goa- became the headquarters for Portuguese operations throughout the entire region, wanted to gain control of Malacca to destroy the Arab spice trade and provide Portuguese with a way station on the route to the Spice Islands

__Malacca__- harbor on the Malay peninsula, had been transformed by the Muslim rulers into a thriving port and a major stopping point for the spice trade

__Spice Islands__- control over Malacca meant control over Moluccas, rulers wanted to gain control of this region because spice trade was so profitable

__Christopher Columbus__- Italian who was convinced the circumference of the earth was less and Asia was larger than previously thought, felt that Asia could be reached by sailing west instead of around Africa, persuaded Queen Isabella of Spain to finance his exploratory expedition, three ships: //Santa María, Niña, Pinta, and a crew of 90 men set sail on August 3, 1492,// assured the king and queen that he would find gold and convert the natives whom he called "Indians", landed on all the major islands of the Caribbean and the mainland of Central America, died believing he had reached the Indies in Asia

__John Cabot__- Venetian sea man who explored the New England coastline of the Americas under a license of King Henry VII of England

__Vasco Nuñez de Balboa__- Spanish explorer who led an expedition across the Isthmus of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean in 1513

__Ferdinand Magellan__- after passing through the Magellan Strait, he reached the Philippines, where he was killed by natives, one of his five ships returned to Spain, first circumnavigation of the earth

__Treaty of Tordasillas__- divided up the new world into separate Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence, most of South America fell within the Spanish sphere, the route east around Cape of Good Hope was reserved for the Portuguese, the route across the Atlantic was assigned to Spain

__Hernan Cortes__- leader of a Spanish expedition, he marched to the city of Tenochtitlán, made alliances with city-states that were tired of Aztec rule, thought to be a representative of a god, given gold and a palace, captured Moctezuma, driven out by the local population, returned to find the city filled with corpses of those that died from European diseases

__Moctazuma__- Aztec monarch who thought that Hernan Cortes was a representative of a god and gave him gold and a palace, Cortes held him hostage

__Aztecs__- began a long migration and ended up in the Valley of Mexico, est. their capitol at Tenochtitlán, constructed temples, public buildings, and houses, and causeways of stone, they built an aqueduct to bring fresh water from a spring 4 miles away, outstanding warriors, a collection of independent territories governed by local lords, payments of tribute to the Aztec ruler

__Tenochititlan__- capitol of the Aztecs

__The Incas__- small community in Cuzco, under their leader they launched a campaign of conquest that brought the entire region under their control, centralized state, Cuzco was the capitol, transformed from a city of mud and thatch into a city of stone, //Inca// means "ruler", they were great builders

__Pachakuti__- ruled the Inca, created a highly centralized state, divided his realm into four quarters each ruled by a governor, at the top was the emperor who was believed to be descended from the sun god

__Francisco Pizarro__- landed his expedition on the Pacific coast of South America with a band of about 180 men, possessed steal weapons, gunpowder, and horses, captured the Incan capital, est. a capital at Lima for a new colony of Spanish Empire

__Encomienda__- an economic and social system that permitted the conquering Spaniards to collect tribute from the natives and use them as laborers, holders were supposed to protect the indians, pay them wages, and supervise their spiritual needs

__Viceroy__- served as the king's chief civil and military officer and was aided by audiencias

__Audiencias__- advisory groups that also functioned as supreme judicial bodies

__Boers__- Dutch farmers

__Capetown__- boers settled this area because its moderate climate and freedom from tropical diseases

__Slave trade__- removed from their homes and shipped around the world, European merchant ships carried goods to Africa, traded for slaves, slaves shipped to America and were sold

__Middle passage__- the journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas, the middle leg of the triangular trade

__Triangular trade__- route connecting Europe, Africa, and the American continent that characterized the new Atlantic economy

__“sugar factories”__- Portuguese set up plantations worked by African laborers, growing cane sugar demanded skill and large labor quantities, sugar plantations in the Caribbeans, produced tons of sugar a year at the expense of a high death rate from brutal treatment of slaves

**__Dutch East India Factory__ - Trading company established in 1602 by government, Set up a settlement in southern Africa at Cape of Good Hope, established pepper plantations on java, source of great profit for amsterdam dutch merchants **


 * __Batavia-__ On Java island, fort Batavia (Jakarta), Dutch brought inland regions under their control to protect their position, on java and neighboring sumatra, the dutch east india company established pepper plantations, source of great profit for amsterdam dutch merchants, by end of 18th c, dutch had almost all of indonesian archipelago under its control **


 * __Mughal Empire -__ founders were not native indians, came from mountainous region north of ganges river valley, babur founded the dynasty, father descendant of great asian conqueror Tamerlane, mother descendant of mongol conqueror Genghis Khan, Akbar was babur’s grandson brought mughal rule to most of india, Created the greatest indian empire since the mauryan dynasty nearly 2000 years before **


 * __British East India Company-__ got authority to collect taxes from lands in calcutta area, [|British][|joint stock company] formed for pursuing trade with the [|East Indies] but ended up trading mainly with the [|Indian subcontinent] **


 * __Robert Clive -__ french captured british fort at madras, saved by this military genius, Aggressive British empire, builder who became chief representative of East India Company in India, Founded joint-stock company 1600, Consolidated British control in Bengal, In 1757 3000 british defeated mughal, led army in battle of plassey **


 * __“Black Hole of Calcutta”-__ Local Indian ruler attacked fort william and imprisoned local british population in this underground prison **


 * __Ming and Qing Dynasties-__ when the portuguese arrived, the ming dynasty had ruled from 1369 to 1644, New era of greatness in chinese history, china extended rule in mongolia and central asia under these strong rulers, reconquered vietnam, strengthened great wall, made peace with nomadic tribesmen who had troubled china for centuries, last ming emperor killed himself by hanging himself from tree in the palace gardens, overthrown by manchus (farming hunting people) who created new Qing dynasty, Strong early rulers, pacified country, corrected social & economic ills, restored peace & prosperity, 2 monarchs Kangxi & Qianlong ruled china for over a century from mid 17th c to end of 18th c, responsible for much of manchu china’s greatness **


 * __Lord Macertney-__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">led a british mission to visit Beijing and press for liberalization of trade restrictions, compared the chinese empire to old, crazy, first rate man of war that once awed neighbors merely by bulk and appearance-now destined under incompetent leadership to be dashed to pieces on the shore **


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">__Emperor Qianlong-__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">monarch that ruled china along with kangxi for over a century from mid 17th c to end of 18th c, responsible for much of manchu china’s greatness, had no interest in british products **


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">__Tokugawa shoguns-__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tokugawa Ieyasu made himself shogun general in 1603, act that initiated most powerful and longest lasting of all Japanese shoguns, tokugawa rulers completed restoration of central authority and remained in power until 1868 **


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">__Nagasaki and the Dutch__ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Japanese government closed 2 major foreign trading posts on islands of hirado and nagasaki, only small dutch community in nagasaki allowed to remain in japan, dutch unlike spanish and portuguese didn’t allow missionary activity to interfere with their trade interests, conditions for staying were strict, dutch ships allowed to dock at nagasaki harbor once a year and could remain for only 2 or 3 months **


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">__Britain’s Navigation Acts-__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">regulated what could be taken from and sold to the colonies, supposed to provide balance of trade favorable to the mother country **


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">__Samuel de Champlain__ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1608 established settlement at quebec, canada as french took more interest **


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">__The asiento__ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">privilege granted to britain from spain to transport 4500 slaves a year to spanish latin america **


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">__Inflation__ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">major economic problem in 16th and 17th centuries, price revolution was europe wide, prices greatly increased in europe **


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">__Joint-stock trading companies__ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a company or association that raises capital by selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investment while a board of directors runs the company **


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">__House of Fugger__ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">in exchange for arranging large loans to charles v, jacob fugger given monopoly over silver, copper, mercury mines in hapsburg possessions of central europe that produced over 50% profits per year, went bankrupt at end of 16th century when the habsburgs defaulted on their loans **


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">__Mercantilism__ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">an economic theory that held that a nation's prosperity depended on its supply of gold and silver and that the total volume of trade is unchangeable; its adherents therefore advocated that the government play an active role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, especially through the use of tariffs **


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">__Mestizos and mulattos__ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #4a86e8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">offspring of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">europeans and native american indians, offsprings of africans and whites **


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">__The Columbian Exchange__ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and animals between europe and americas **

http://quizlet.com/14198986/ap-euro-chapter-14-flash-cards/
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline;">__Geradus Mercator-flemish cartographer,__ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #4a86e8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">made the Mercator Projection <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #4a86e8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">( <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #4a86e8; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">conformal projection, tries to show the true shape of landmasses in a limited area, shapes of lands near the equator accurate, farther away they lie, more exaggerated their size becomes, valuable to ship captains, every straight line=line of true direction) **

Possible FRQ topics: Factors contributing to the success of the West. Slave Trade The Dutch Republic and trade Britain and trade Japan and Trade religion and exploration The Columbian Exchange Mercantilism

Perry – Vol. 1

//Please remember, in order to better understand, the author’s back ground and point of view and the context in which the document was written, you need to read the introduction material provided by the editors of the book.//

//As you read, remember to underline or otherwise make notes of passages that provoke your interest (agree, disagree etc.) Make note of these and bring them up during class discussion.//

Bernal Diaz del Castillo – //The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico// Bartolome de las Casas //- The Tears of the Indians// Seventeenth-Century Slave Traders - //Buying and Transporting Africans// Malachy Postlethwayt //– Slavery Defended// John Wesley – Thoughts Upon Slavery Olaudah Equiano – Memoirs of a Former Slave

Be prepared to discuss the following question in class.

What evidence did Bernal Diaz del Castillo offer to show that the Aztecs were a highly civilized people? What moral and religious practices of the Aztecs did the Spaniards find strange and contrary to Christian beliefs?

How did the author of the Requerimiento justify the subjugation of the Amerindians? How do you explain the cruelty of the Spaniards?

When were African slaves most likely to try to escape? How did the slave traders try to prevent this? How did each of the slave traders regard the captive Africans?

What wasMalachy Postlethwayt’s argument in defense of slavery? What is your response?

To whom did Wesley address his arguments against the slave trade? What were the commercial justifications for slavery that Wesley disputed? How did he account for the seeming inferiority of the slaves?

Compare the reaction of Plaudah Equiano on first encountering Europeans with that of the Spaniards encountering Aztecs. What did Equiano believe to be the worst evil of the slave system?

Chapter 14 Multiple Choice Answers
 * E
 * B
 * E
 * E
 * E
 * C
 * B
 * C
 * A
 * B
 * C
 * D
 * C
 * C
 * D