Chapter+17

Vocabulary Words

[|Quizlet]
 * 1) Cultural relativism - the belief that no culture is superior to another because culture is a matter of custom, not reason, and derives its meaning from the group holding it.
 * 2) Deism - belief in God as the creator of the universe who, after setting it in motion, ceased to have any direct involvement in it and allowed it to run according to its own natural laws.
 * 3) Enlightenment - an eighteenth-century intellectual movement, led by the philosophes, that stressed the application of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life.
 * 4) Feminism - the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes; also, organized activity to advance women's rights.
 * 5) High culture - the literary and artistic culture of the educated and wealthy ruling classes.
 * 6) Laissez-faire - "let (them) do (as they please)." An economic doctrine that holds that an economy is best served when the government does not interfere but allows the economy to self-regulate according to the forces of supply and demand.
 * 7) Natural laws - a body of laws or specific principles held to be derived from nature and binding on all human societies even in the absence of written laws governing such matters.
 * 8) Natural rights - certain inalienable rights to which all people are entitled, including the right to life, liberty, and property; freedom of speech and religion; and equality before the law.
 * 9) Neoclassicism - a late-eighteenth-century artistic movement that emerged in France. It sought to recapture the dignity and simplicity of the Classical style of ancient Greece and Rome.

__**Chapter 17 Identify**__

Immanuel Kant- described Enlightenment as "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity" motto: "Dare to know"

Reason- main of Enlightenment, advocating application of scientific method in understanding life, rational system of thought

Fontenelle’s //Plurality of Worlds-// conversation between a lady and her lover about cosmology and basic fundamentals of new

Pierre Bayle- leading critic of traditional religious attitudes: superstition, religious intolerance, dogmatism

James Cook’s //Travels-// findings of Tahiti, New Zealand, and Australia, sparked interest in foreign lands and cultures

John Locke’s //Tabula Rasa-// blank mind/state, environment and experiences responsible for human character

//Essay Concerning Human Understanding-// John Locke, tabula rasa, knowledge from environment, form new, better society with reason

//Philosophes-// intellectuals of the Enlightenment, mostly social reformers, cosmopolitan movement

Monstequieu’s //The Spirit of the Laws-// scientific method to ascertain natural laws to govern social relationships, treatise a comparative study of governments: republics, monarchies, despotism

Voltaire’s //Treatise on Toleration-// religious toleration and equality of men, "Crush the infamous thing": religious fanaticism, intolerance, and superstition

Deism- belief in God as the creator of the universe who, after setting it in motion, ceased to have any direct involvement in it and allowed it to run according to its own natural laws

Denis Diderot’s Encyclopedia- 28 volumes, attacked religious superstition and advocated toleration, drastic price reduction increased sales

“science of man”- social sciences

David Hume- //treatise on human nature, observation and reflection made conceivable the "science of man" //

Physiocrats- founders of the modern discipline of economics, critical of mercantilism, natural economic laws, land constituted the only source of wealth

Francois Quesnay- leader of physiocrats, French physician

Adam Smith’s //Wealth of Nations- father of modern capitalism,// attack on mercantilism, free trade, labor

//Laissez-faire- government should not interfere with economy//

Condorcet- french philosophe, the progress of the human mind, humans enter tenth stage of perfection

Baron d’Holbach- system on nature, everything in the universe consisted of matter in motion, humans were machines

Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract- tried to harmonize individual liberty with governmental authority

The General will- Rousseau, represented a community's highes aspirations

//Emile-//

Mary Astell’s //A Serious Proposal to the Ladies-//

Mary Wollstonecraft-

Vindication of the Rights of Women-

The salon and the coffeehouse-

Marie-Therese de Geoffrin-

Rococo-

Antoine Watteau-

Balthazar Neuman-

Neoclassicism-

Jacques-Louis David-

Johann Sebastian Bach-

George Frederick Handel-

Franz Joseph Hyden-

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart-

Samuel Richardson’s //Pamela-//

Henry Fielding’s //History of Tom Jones, a Foundling-//

Edward Gibbon’s //Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire-//

Addison and Steele’s //Spectator-//

Newspapers and libraries-

//Realschule// and //Volkschulen-//

Cesare Beccaria-

Carnival-

Gin-

Chapbooks-

Joseph II’s Toleration Patent-

Pietism and Moravian Brethren-

John Wesley and Methodism-

[|Quizlet 17 Vocab]

Chapter 17 Primary Source Readings

//Please remember, in order to better understand, the author’s back ground and point of view and the context in which the document was written, you need to read the introduction material provided by the editors of the book.//

//As you read, remember to underline or otherwise make notes of passages that provoke your interest (agree, disagree etc.) Make note of these and bring them up during class discussion.//

reason is an appeal to facts and experience

Immanuel Kant – WHAT IS ENLIGHTENMENT? Voltaire – A PLEA FOR TOLERANCE AND REASON Thomas Paine – THE AGE OF REASON Baron d’Holbach – GOOD SENSE


 * __Discussion Questions__**


 * 1) What did Immanuel Kant mean by the terms //enlightenment// and //reason//?
 * 2) In Kant’s view, what factors delayed the progress of human enlightenment?
 * 3) What political implications of Kant’s view?
 * 4) What arguments did Voltaire offer in favor of religious toleration?
 * 5) Why did Voltaire ridicule Christian theological disputation?
 * 6) What did Voltaire mean by fanaticism?
 * 7) What examples of fanaticism did Voltaire provide ?
 * 8) Why Christian beliefs did Thomas Paine reject? Why?
 * 9) How did Baron d’Holbach’s critique of religion affirm basic Enlightenment ideals?

Chapter 17 Multiple Choice Answers
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