Chapter+19

__//**Ch 19 Vocabulary Words**//__

__**Bicameral Legislature-**__a legislature with two houses __**Civil Rights-**__the basic rights of citizens, including equality before the law, freedom of speech and press, and freedom from arbitrary arrest __**Continental System-**__Napoleon's effort to bar British goods from the continent in the hope of weakening britain's economy and destroying its capacity to wage war __**Direct representation-**__people represented directly in the national assembly __**Nation in arms-**__the people's army raised by universal mobilization to repel the foreign enemies of the French Revolution __**Natural Rights-**__certain inalienable rights to which all people are entitled, including the right to life, liberty, and property; freedom of speech and religion; and equality before the law __**Old Regime/Old Order-**__the political and social system of France in the eighteenth century before the Revolution __**Philosophes-**__intellectuals of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment who believed in applying a spirit of rational criticism to all things, including religion and politics, and who focused on improving and enjoying this world, rather than on the afterlife __**Revolution-**__a fundamental change in political and social organization of a state __**Sans-culottes-**__"without breeches." the common people, who did not wear the fine clothes of the upper classes and played an important role in the radical phase of the French Revolution

[|Quizlet]

//__**Ch 19 Identify**__//


 * 1) __**July 14, 1789**__ -Bastille Day, beginning of the French Revolution
 * 2) __**The Bastille**__ -a royal armory filled with arms and ammunition in Paris, state prison, seen as a symbol of the government's despotic policies
 * 3) __**July 4, 1776**__ -American Independence Day
 * 4) __**Natural rights**__ - certain inalienable rights to which all people are entitled, including the right to life, liberty, and property; freedom of speech and religion; and equality before the law
 * 5) __**Yorktown**__ -American and French army under Washington forced British army under General Cornwallis to surrender
 * 6) __**The Constitution of 1787**__ -revised constitution, central government was superior to state governments, three branches with checks and balances: president, legislature, supreme courts
 * 7) __**Bill of Rights**__ -important to the success of the United States Constitution, ten amendments to the Constitution, derived from the natural rights philosophy
 * 8) __**The Marquis de Lafayette**__ -obtained much information for Europe about America, one of the French officers who served in the American war, aristocrat, member of the Society of Thirty
 * 9) __**First Estate**__ -consisted of clergy, exempt from //taille//, divided into higher clergy and parish priests
 * 10) __**Second estate**__ -composed of nobility, held many leading positions, gained status from officeholding, sought to expand their privileges at the expense of the monarchy
 * 11) __**Taille**__ -France's chief tax on land
 * 12) __**Third Estate**__ -consisted on commoners, majority of French population, peasants were the largest segment, wage earners, economic discontent esp. in Paris
 * 13) __**The Bourgeoisie**__ -middle class, inhabitants (merchants and artisans) of boroughs and burghers (towns)
 * 14) __**French Parlements**__ -wanted reform, responsible for registering royal decrees, defenders of "liberty" against the arbitrary power of the monarchy
 * 15) __**Vote by order by or head?**__-cause of division at estates general of whether delegates should vote by order or by head where each delegate gets one vote
 * 16) **Abbe Sieyes-**** one representative that issued pamphlet saying 3rd estate is everything, but nothing in political order and demands to become something **
 * 17) **The National Assembly-**** 1st estate declared in favor of voting by order, the 3rd estate responded on june 17, 1789, by voting to constitute itself a national assembly and decided to draw up constitution **
 * 18) __**The Tennis Court Oath-**__the oath that the representatives took on a tennis court near their original meeting place that they were locked out of agreeing to meet until they made a french constitution
 * 19) **Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen-**this charter of basic liberties reflected ideas of major philosophes of french enlightenment and owed much to declaration of independence and american state constitution, declaration began with ringing affirmation of natural and imprescriptible rights of man to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression, affirmed destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming end to exemptions from taxation, freedom and equal rights for all men, and access to public office based on talent, monarchy was restricted, and all citizens were to have the right to take part in legislative process, freedom of speech and press coupled with outlawing of arbitrary arrests
 * 20) **Olympe de Gouges-**chief advocate for political rights for women,
 * 21) __**Civil Constitution of the Clergy-**__ bishops and priests elected by people and paid by state, all clergy required to swear oath of allegiance to Civil Constitution, since pope forbade it, only 54% of french parish clergy took oath and majority of bishops refused, critical development because Catholic Church, important institution in life of french people, now became enemy of revolution, civil constitution often viewed as serious tactical blunder on part of national assembly for by arousing the opposition of the church, it gave counterrevolution a popular base to operate
 * 22) **The Jacobins-**political club offering more radical solutions to the nation’s problem, most famous club, first emerged as gathering of more radical deputies at beginning of revolution, especially during events of night of august 4, 1789-after october 1789, they occupied former jacobin convent in paris, jacobin clubs formed in provinces where they were mostly discussion groups, eventually joined together in extensive correspondence network and by spring 1790 were seeking affiliation with Parisian club-One year later, there were 900 Jacobin clubs in france associated with parisian center, members usually elite of local societies, but also artisans and tradespeople
 * 23) **Escape to Varennes-**Louis XVI sought to flee France in June 1791 and almost succeeded before being recognized, captured at Varennes, and brought back to Paris
 * 24) **Declaration of Pillnitz-**On August 27 1791, emperor leopold II of austria and king frederick william II of prussia issued declaration of pillnitz, which invited other european monarchs to take most effectual means-put king of france in state to strengthen, perfect liberty, bases of monarchical government equally becoming to rights of sovereigns and to well being of french nation
 * 25) **Paris Commune-** led by newly appointed minister of justice, Georges Danton, the sans-culottes sought revenge on those who helped king and resisted the popular will, fears of treachery intensified by advance of a prussian army on paris, thousands of presumed traitors were arrested and massacred as ordinary parisian tradespeople and artisans solved problem of overcrowded prisons by mass executions of their inmates, in september 1792, newly elected national convention began sessions, called to draft new constitution, acted as sovereign ruling body of France
 * 26) **Sans-culottes-**patriots without fine clothes who made up most of paris commune
 * 27) **Georges Danton-**newly appointed minister of justice of paris commune
 * 28) **National Convention-**called to draft new constitution, acted as sovereign ruling body of France
 * 29) __**Girondins**__ -faction of national convention, **leaders came from gironde department located in southwest france **
 * 30) **The Mountain-other faction of national convention,** members’ seats were on side of convention hall where floor slanted up
 * 31) **The Vendee-**authority of convention repudiated in western france particularly in department of the vendee by peasants who revolted against the new military draft, vendeen rebellion escalated into full blown counterrevolutionary appealed to old regime
 * 32) **Committee of Public Safety-** to administer the government, convention gave broad powers to executive committee called committee of public safety, dominated initially by danton
 * 33) **Maximilian Robespierre-one of most important members of committee of public safety, small town lawyer who moved to paris as member of estates general **
 * 34) __**Reign of Terro****r-**__to meet domestic crisis, the national convention and the committee of public safety established the reign of terror
 * 35) **The Guillotine-**evolutionary device for quick/efficient beheading
 * 36)  __**Law of General Maximum-**__ established price controls on goods declared of 1st necessity-from food and drink to fuel and clothing
 * 37) __**Temple of Reason-**__ cathedral of notre dame designated temple of reason
 * 38) __**Toussaint L’Ouverture-**__ leadership of the revolt taken over by toussaint l’ouverture, son of african slaves, who seized control of all of hispaniola by 1801
 * 39) __**Thermadorian Reaction-**__ after robespierre’s execution, revolutionary fervor gave way to thermidorian reaction named after thermidor month, terror abated
 * 40)  __**Directory-**__ executive authority (directory) made of 5 directors elected by the council of elders from a list presented by the council of 500
 * 41) __**Gracchus Babeuf-**__ some radicals went beyond earlier goals especially gracchus babeuf, who was appalled at misery of common people and wanted to abolish private property and eliminate private enterprise-his conspiracy of equals was crushed in 1796 and he was executed in 1797
 * 42) __**Napoleon Bonaparte's Italian and Egyptian Campaigns-**__ soon after marriage he was made commander of the french army in italy-turned a group of ill disciplined soldiers into an effective fighting force and in series of stunning victories defeated austrians and dictated peace to them in 1797, throughout italian campaign, napoleon won confidence of his men by energy, charm, and ability to understand complex issues quickly and make fast decisions, tough with officers and drove them hard, with rank and file soldiers, he took different approach-ate with them, gave them good food and clothing, charmed them, throughout rest of his life,, these qualities combined with keen intelligence, ease with words, confidence enabled him to influence people and win their firm support-saw himself as man of destiny and great man who mastered luck and military genius with gift for leading that couldn’t be learned, in 1797, he returned to france as conquering hero and given command of army training to invade england, believed that french were unready for such invasion, proposed to strike indirectly at britain by taking egypt and threatening india, major source of british wealth, british controlled seas and by 1799 cut off supplies from napoleon’s army in egypt
 * 43) **First Consul-**executive power in new government vested in hands of 3 consuls, although as article 42 said the decision of the first consul will suffice
 * 44) **Emperor-**in 1802 he was made consul for life and in 1804 returned france to monarchy-crowned himself emperor napoleon I
 * 45) **The Concordat-**pope got right to depose french bishops, gave him little real control over church since state nominated bishops, church could hold processions again and reopen seminaries, pope agreed not to raise question of church lands confiscated during revolution, catholicism not re-established as state religion only as majority’s religion, clergy paid by state, but to avoid appearance of state church, protestant ministers also paid by state, church no longer enemy of french government, but reassured those who got church lands that they wouldn’t lose them, making them napoleon supporters
 * 46) **The Civil Code-**preserved most of revolutionary gains by recognizing principle of equality of all citizens before law, right of individuals to choose professions, religious toleration, and abolition of serfdom and feudalism, property rights still protected while employer interested safeguarded by outlawing trade unions and strikes, reflected revolutionary aspirations for uniform legal system, legal equality, protection of property and individuals
 * 47) **Germaine de Stael-**1 prominent writer, Germaine de Stael, refused to accept napoleon’s growing despotism
 * 48) **Austerlitz-**faced a large russian army under tsar alexander i and some austrian troops at austerlitz, the combined allied forces outnumbered napoleon’s forces, but the tsar chose poor terrain for the battle and napoleon devastated the allied forces
 * 49) **Trafalgar-**napoleon contemplated invasion of england and even collected ships for it, he couldn’t overcome british navy’s decisive defeat of a combined french spanish fleet at trafalgar in 1805
 * 50) **Fraternitie-**political creed arose during french revolution in french people’s emphasis on brotherhood and solidarity against other peoples-involved unique cultural identity of a people based on a common language, religion, and national symbols
 * 51) __**Elba and St. Helena-islands napoleon was sent to after his downfall**__

[|Quizlet]

__**//Ch 19 Primary Source Reading Questions – Part 1//**__

//Please remember, in order to better understand, the author’s back ground and point of view and the context in which the document was written, you need to read the introduction material provided by the editors of the book.//

//As you read, remember to underline or otherwise make notes of passages that provoke your interest (agree, disagree etc.) Make note of these and bring them up during class discussion.//

GREVENCES OF THE THIRD ESTATE (//cahiers de doleances//) BOURGEOIS DISDAIN FOR SPECIAL PRIVILEGES OF THE ARISTOCRACY – Emmanuel Sieyes CRITIQUE OF THE OLD REGIME – Alexis de Tocqueville DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF CITIZENS Napoleon Bonaparte – LEADER, GENERAL, TYRANT, REFORMER

10. How did Napoleon use propaganda to achieve his goals? 11. For what purpose was religious authority cited in the catechism of 1806? What would Machiavelli have thought of this device? 12. How seriously did Napoleon adhere to the ideals of the Enlightenment and French Revolution? Show how Napoleon spread the reforms of the Enlightenment.
 * 1) The principle of equality pervaded the cahiers of the Third Estate. Discuss this statement.
 * 2) How important did Emmanuel Sieyes say the nobility (the privileged order) was to the life of the nation?
 * 3) What importance did Sieyes attach to the contribution of the Third Estate (the bourgeoisie) to the life of the nation?
 * 4) According to de Tocqueville, how did the philosophes undermine the Old Regime?
 * 5) Why did de Tocqueville believe the French people were receptive to the philosophes’ ideas?
 * 6) What Enlightenment principles do you see reflected in the Declaration?
 * 7) What does the Declaration say about the nature of political liberty? What are its limits, and how are they determined?
 * 8) The ideals of the Declaration have become deeply embedded in the Western outlook. Discuss this statement.
 * 9) In his proclamations how did Napoleon Bonaparte try to raise the morale of his troops?

__**//Chapter 19 Multiple Choice Answers//**__
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