Chapter+27

Ch 27 Vocabulary Words

Appeasement - British belief that if European states satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied powers, the latter would be content and stability and peace could be achieved.

Blitzkrieg – "lightning war" - fast attack to avoid trench warfare - tank divisions would push followed by a flanking and surrounding by ground forces

Cold War - New conflict that lasted more than 40 years that stemmed from military, political, and ideological differences between Soviet Russia and mainly the United States.

Einsatzgruppen - An even more selective, strike force compared to the regular SS. Played an important role in rounding up and killing Jews.

Final Solution - responsibility given to the SS to annihilate all Jewish people "the problem".

Holocaust – Mass genocide of more than 6 million Jews by the Nazi Germans.

Isolationism - The idea that America could just sit out the conflict that was occurring over in Europe. Many held this view point until Pearl Harbor and Hitler's Declaration of War upon the United States.

Lebensraum - "living space" - Hitlers policy to conquer East ward to allow more room for the German population to expand over racial inferiors.

Nazi New Order - After initial victories, Germans had the opportunity to establish new policies and culture in these conquered areas. Most of occupied Europe was administered by German military or civilian officials, combined with varying degrees of indirect control from collaborationist regimes. Race played a huge part into the social life inside the Nazi New Order and how specific groups of people were treated.

unconditional surrender - policy adopted by the Allies in order to ensure every country contributes until Nazi Germany is eliminated.

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Ch 27 Identify

Aryans- Hitler's idea of the leading group for a great civilization

Lebensraum- "living space,: needed for Germany's rightful place in the world

“diplomatic revolution”- hope to bring Germany back to full as "world power," first giving impressions of a peaceful revision of the Versailles treaty and backed up with alliances with Italy and Japan to form against communism (Soviet Union)

Anglo-German Naval Pact- allowed Germany to build a navy with 35 percent of size of British navy with equality in submarines

Rhineland- Hitler sends troops to demilitarized Rhineland

Rome-Berlin Axis- agreement between Mussolini's Fascist Italy and Hitler's Nazi Germany

Appeasement- policy, followed by the European nations in 1930s, of accepting Hitler's annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia in the belief that meeting his demands would assure peace and stability

Neville Chamberlain- prime minister of Britain who was a strong advocate of appeasement and believed that British Empire depeded on acommodation with Germany

Sudetenland- contains frontier defenses, industrial resources, and 3 million ethnic Germans

Munich Conference- high point of Western appeasement of Hitler; allowed German troops to occupy Sudetenland

“peace in our time”- Neville Chamberlain's quote on the Munich Conference

1939 non-aggression pact- agreement between Germany and Soviet Union letting Germany invade Poland

Blitzkrieg- "lightening war" as a tactic to quickly cut across battle lines, encircle, and annihilate entire armies

Panzer division- three hundred tanks with accompanying forces and supplies

"phony war" - winter of waiting before Hitler's attack on Denmark and Norway

Maginot Line- a series of concrete and steel fortifications along the French and Germany border

“miracle of Dunkirk”- British and French forces were trapped at Dunkirk, and 350,000 troops were evacuated by a fleet of small ships

Winston Churchill- prime minister of Great Britain after Chamberlain, refused peaceful compromise with Nazism

Battle of Britain- Germany used Luftwaffe and started invading specific military targets, but he changed his strategy to massive bombings giving the British time to rebuild their air strength, and the Germans lost

Pearl Harbor- United states naval base in Hawaiian islands attacked by Japanese carrier-based aircraft on Dec 7, 1941; made United States to join the European conflict

Manchukuo - held by Japan (Manchuria) to start expanding control in north China

Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere- put entire region of Southeast Asia and western Pacific under Japanese tutelage; intention to liberate colonial areas of Southeast Asia from Western colonial rule

Grand Alliance- form of new coalitions: Axis(Germany, Italy, Japan) and Allies(Britain, United States, Soviet Union) with United States' entry into the war

Edwin Rommel and the Afrika Corps- "the most daring general of armored forces in the German Army" Hitler sent him with the Korps to Libya and led a combined force of Germans and Italians

Stalingrad- major industrial center on the Volga in center of Hitler's attention; met fierce resistance; bombed-out buildings used as defensive positions; established that the Germans would not defeat the Soviet Union

Battle of Midway- american planes destroy Japanese aircraft carriers; American naval superiority over Pacific; Douglas MacArthur; Japanese fortune fade

Normandy- Allies tricked Germans that they would invade on flat plains of northern France; led by Dwight D. Eisenhower landed five assault divisions on Normandy beaches as history's greatest amphibious invasion

Battle of Kursk- greatest tank battle of World War II; Soviets beat German forces

Nazi New Order- the Nazi's plan for their conquered territories; it included the extermination of Jews and others considered inferior, ruthless exploitation of resources, German colonization in the east, and the use of Poles, Russians, and Ukrainians as slave labor

Claus von Stauffenberg- believed that only the elimination of Hitler would overthrow the Nazi regime; planted a bomb in Hitler's East Prison headquarters, but it failed to kill Hitler

The Holocaust- deliberate attempt to exterminate the Jewish people in Europe

Madagascar Plan- attempt of mass shipment of Jews to island of Madagascar; early policy of emigration

Final Solution- the attempted physical extermination of the Jewish people by the Nazis during World War II

//Einsatzgruppen-// in Nazi Germany, special strike forces in the SS that played an important role in rounding up and killing Jews

Auschwitz- most famous death camp during the Holocaust

Wannsee Conference- to inform party and state officials of the general procedures for Final Solution

Gas chambers- designed to look like shower rooms where unsuspecting victims go in and killed in large numbers of gas

“land girls”- women in Great Britain who worked in agriculture in replacement of men

“Dig for Victory”- campaign to increase food production

Great Patriotic War- German-Soviet War with greatest land battles and incredible ruthlessness where merciless fighting leads to two Soviets out of every five people in WWII.

“Night Witches”- female Soviet pilots who helped defeat Germans at Stalinguard

Albert Speer- minister of armaments and munitions who tripled production of armaments

//Bushido- code emphasized obligation to honor and defend emperor, country, and family and to sacrifice one's life if one failed in this sacred mission, led to use of kamikaze//

//Kamikaze - young Japanese who were encouraged to volunteer to serve as pilots in suicide missions against U.S. warships (divine wind)//

//Luftwaffe- German air force//

The Blitz- German air raids

Arthur Harris- wartime leader of British air force's Bomber Command which started Major bombing raids in Germany

Dresden- incendiary bombs caused firestorm killing 35,000 inhabitatns and refugees

Allied Strategic Bombing Survey-

“island hopping”- crossing ocean through series of islands instead of a direct route through the ocean

Manhattan Project- project to create the atomic bomb

Hiroshima and Nagasaki - targets of atomic bombs, utterly destroyed by radiation

“displaced persons”- those who were forced to leave their native place - forced migration

Big Three- the leaders of Grand Alliance met at Tehran to decide the future course of the war (Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill)

Yalta- conference that covered several things: Stalin's concern of future Western aggression, approval of "Declaration on Liberated Europe," agreement between United States and Soviet against Japan, creation of United Nations, and issues of Germany; all between the Grand Alliance and Big Three powers.

Potsdam- conflict between Truman and Stalin over free elections throughout eastern Europe; near deterioration of Western power relationship with Soviets

“an iron curtain”- complete misunderstandings between Western powers and Soviets, Winston Churchill declared a wall to separate Germany and Europe into two hostile camps; thus starts another conflict

Chapter 27 Primary Source Readings Sources of the Western Tradition – Perry

//Please remember, in order to better understand, the author’s back ground and point of view and the context in which the document was written, you need to read the introduction material provided by the editors of the book.//

//As you read, remember to underline or otherwise make notes of passages that provoke your interest (agree, disagree etc.) Make note of these and bring them up during class discussion.//

According to Rumbold, what was the basic thesis underlying Hitler’s political philosophy? Why did Hitler want to maintain peace for a ten-year period?
 * Horace Rumbold – ‘PACIFICISM IS THE DEADLIEST OF SINS” Wilson, Henderson**

What indications did Messersmith have that Germany was preparing for war?
 * George S. Messersmith – “THE NAZIS WERE AFTER UNLIMITED TERRITORIAL EXPANSION” - Waters**

What was the underlying purpose of the various anti-Jewish ordinances in Vienna that Stefan Zweig refers to? How might they have paved the way for even harsher actions? Zweig accurately predicted that people in “a more peaceful day” would later “shudder to read what a single hate-crazed man perpetrated in that city of culture in the twentieth century.” Why do you think so many of Zweig’s contemporaries failed to feel the same dismay and horror as these events unfolded?
 * Stefan Zweig – THE WORLD OF YESTERDAY - Hannon, Geis**

In Neville Chamberlain’s view, how did the British people regard a war with Germany over the Sudetenland? How did Chamberlain respond to the accusation that Britain and France had betrayed Czechoslovakia? What did Chamberlain consider to be the “one good thing” to come out of the Sudetenland crisis?
 * Neville Chamberlain – IN DEFENSE OF APPEASMENT - McGee, Maloney**

Why did Winston Churchill believe that “there [could] never be friendship between the British democracy and the Nazi Power”? Why did Churchill believe that the Munich agreement was “a disaster of the first magnitude” for Britain and France? What policy toward Nazi Germany did Churchill advocate?
 * Winston Churchill – “A DISASTER OF THE FIRST MAGNITUDE” - Dinges, Bryant**

What were the decisive reasons that led Hitler to launch the war against Poland? What type of warfare did Hitler want his generals to wage?
 * Adolf Hitler – “POLAND WILL BE DEPOPULATED AND SETTLED WITH GERMANS”, Mayes**

According to Churchill, what would a Nazi Victory mean for Europe? On whose help did Churchill ultimately count for the liberation of Europe?
 * Winston Churchill - "Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat" - Schwartz, Wahl**

Why was it an error for French military strategy to rely so heavily on the Maginot Line? How did WWI demonstrate the importance of tanks in modern warfare? What mistaken lessons did the French draw from their experience in WWI?
 * Heinz Guderian – “FRENCH LEADERSHIP …. COULD NOT GRASP THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TANK IN MOBILE WARFARE” - Velez, Plezia**

How did Nazi propaganda depict Hitler? Germans? Jews? Russians? Why was such propaganda effective?
 * THE INDOCRINATION OF THE GERMAN SOLDIER - Vafiadis, Nabors**

What were the expectations of Hoffman as he marched with the German army in July and August? How did he view Hitler and the war? How did the hard fighting at Stalingrad alter Hoffman’s conception of the war and his attitude toward the Russians?
 * William Hoffman – DIARY OF A GERMAN SOLDIER - Erb, Medrano**

What does Hoess’ account reveal about the capacity of people to inflict oppression? How did the SS view their victims?
 * Rudolf Hoess – COMMANDANT OF AUSCHWITZ - Chang, Escobedo**

What does this account reveal about the ways in which people respond to overwhelmingly hopeless oppression?
 * Y. Pfeffer – CONCENTRATION CAMP LIFE AND DEATH - George, Salters**

What disadvantages did Allied troops face while attempting the amphibious landing at Omaha Beach? Why were casualties so heavy? According to the Historical Division study, many of the Allied soldiers at Omaha Beach were experiencing their first enemy fire. How did the officers who survived manage to rally these shaken and demoralized soldiers?
 * Historical Division, War Department – OMAHA BEACHHEAD - Locascio, Morland**

What signs did Goebbels remark on as evidence of sinking German morale? What did he consider to be the primary reason for this failure of nerve?
 * Joseph Goebbles – “THE MORALE OF THE GERMAN PEOPLE, BOTH AT HOME AND AT THE FRONT, IS SINKING EVER LOWER” - Pitner**

How had Hitler’s views and expectations changed by the end of the war?
 * Adolf Hitler – POLITICAL TESTAMENT - Raymond, Thomas**

Chapter27 Multiple Choice Answers
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 * D
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