Chapter+13

Chapter 13 Vocabulary Words

__** Christian (northern) humanism **__ -an intellectual movement in northern Europe in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries that combined the interest in the classics of the Italian Renaissance with an interest in the sources of early Christianity, including the New Testament and the writings of the church fathers.

__** Huguenots **__ -French Calvinists.

__** Indulgence **__ -in Christian theology, the remission of part or all of the temporal punishment in purgatory due to sin; granted for charitable contributions and other good deeds. Indulgences became a regular practice of the Christian church in the High Middle Ages, and their abuse was instrumental in sparking Luther's reform movement in the sixteenth century.

__** Justification by Faith **__ -the primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation, teaching that humans are saved not through good works but by the grace of God, bestowed freely through the sacrifice of Jesus.


 * __ Millenarianism __ - ** the belief that the end of the world is at hand and the kingdom of God is about to be established on earth.


 * __ Pluralism __ - ** the practice of holding several church offices simultaneously; a problem of the late medieval church.


 * __ Politiques- __** a group who emerged during the French Wars of Religion in the sixteenth century, placed politics above religion, and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war.


 * __ Popular __ __culture__- ** as opposed to high culure, the unofficial written and unwritten culture of the masses, much of which was traditionally passed down orally and centered on public and group activites such as festivals. In the modern age, the term refers to the entertainment, recreation, and pleasures that people purchase as part of the mass consumer society.


 * __ Predestination __ - ** the belief, associated with Calvinism, that God, as a consequence of his foreknowledge of all events, has predetermined those who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be damned.


 * __ Puritans __ - ** English Protestans inspired by Calvinist theology who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England.


 * __ Sacraments __** -rites considered imperative for a Christian's salvation. By the thirteenth century, these consisted of the Eucharist or Lord's Supper, baptism, marriage, penance, extreme unction, holy orders, and confirmation of children; Protestant reforms of the sixteenth century generally recognized only two-baptism and communion (the Lord's Supper).


 * __ Transubstantiation __** -a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that during the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus.

Quizlet

__**Chapter 13 Identify**__

__**Christian Humanism-**__an intellectual movement in northern Europe in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries that combined the interest in the classics of the Italian Renaissance with an interest in the sources of early Christianity, including the New Testament and the writings of the church fathers.

__**Desiderius** Erasmus-__Most influential of all Christian humanists, formulated and popularized the reform program of christian humanism, wrote the handbook of the christian knight and the praise of folly, philosophy of Christ

__**//The Praise of//** Folly-__Erasmus engaged in humorous yet effective criticism of the most corrupt practices of his own society, harsh on abuses within clergy

__**Thomas More**-__Took an interest in new classical learning and became proficient in latin and greek, started public career that got him the highest reach of power as lord chancellor of england, friend of erasmus, wrote utopia, killed when opposed break in church due to King Henry VIIIs divorce request

__**Utopia**__//-//written by thomas more, account of idealistic life and institutions of the community, means nowhere

__**Pluralism-**__ the practice of holding several church offices simultaneously; a problem of the late medieval church.

__**Absenteeism**-__church officeholders ignoring their duties and hiring underlings who were not always qualified

__**Thomas a Kempis’ //Imitation of//**__ **Christ-**written by thomas a kempis, judged by what we have read and done, not spoken or religiously lived

__**Oratory of Divine** Love-__informal group of clergy and laymen who worked to foster reform by emphasizing personal spiritual development and outward acts of charity, favored philosophy of Christ

__**The sacraments-**__ rites considered imperative for a Christian's salvation. By the thirteenth century, these consisted of the Eucharist or Lord's Supper, baptism, marriage, penance, extreme unction, holy orders, and confirmation of children; Protestant reforms of the sixteenth century generally recognized only two-baptism and communion (the Lord's Supper).

__**Martin Luther**-__monk who was never assured of his salvation, became a doctor in theology, started concept of justification by faith, led the protestant reformation

__**Salvation by faith-t**__he doctrine that true salvation comes from faith not good works

__**Priesthood of all believers**__-Luther's concept that a special class of priest not needed to intercede for you

__**Johann Tetzel-**__Rambunctious dominican who said, "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

__**Indulgences-**__ in Christian theology, the remission of part or all of the temporal punishment in purgatory due to sin; granted for charitable contributions and other good deeds. Indulgences became a regular practice of the Christian church in the High Middle Ages, and their abuse was instrumental in sparking Luther's reform movement in the sixteenth century.

__**Ninety-Five Theses-**__indictment of the abuses in the sales of indulgences that luther wrote and nailed to the door of the church

__**The Edict of Worms-**__Martin Luther made an outlaw, his works were to be burned, and he was to be captured and delivered to emperor charles, but his prince hid him

__**The Peasant’s War, 1524-**__Peasants rose up against their lords after being abused and taxed and experiencing social discontent, followed Luthers idea of rebellion, Luther was against the peasants

__**Transubstantiation-**__ a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that during the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus.

__**Charles V-**__king of spain, grandson of emperor maximilian, elected holy roman emperor, catholic

__**Pope Clement VII-**__joined side of Francis I in the second Habsburg-Valois war

__**Suleiman the Magnificent-**__ruler of the ottoman forces

__**Peace of Augsburg**__-End to religious warfare in Germany, turning point in the reformation, division of Christianity acknowledged, each ruler can determine the religion of his territory

__**Gustavus Vasa-**__led swedish barons to overthrow christian ii, ruler of three scandinavian kingdoms, king of sweden, established lutheran reformation in his country

__**Ulrich Zwingli-**__began the reformation in Switzerland, believed, marburg colloquy, unable to reconcile with luther, didn't believe in transubstantiation

__**Marburg Colloquy-**__meeting between luther and zwingli, agreed on everything except Lord's supper, creation of different protestant groups

__**Anabaptists**__-radicals who believed that the church was an association of believers who underwent spiritual rebirth and had been baptized into the church, adult baptism, tried to return to early christianity, all believers equal, all christians considered priests

__**Munster**__-Site of an anabaptist uprising that determined the fate of Dutch anabaptism, became a haven for for anabaptists, New Jerusalem

__**Menno Simons-**__responsible for reviving dutch anabaptism, imposed strict discipline, banned those who refused to conform to the rules, believed in a peaceful, evangelical anabaptism that stressed separation from the world, followers mennonites

__**Henry VIII’s wives-**__Catherine of Aragon-divorced-daughter Mary I, Anne Boleyn-beheaded-Elizabeth I, Jane Seymore-Edward VI-died, Anne of Cleves-divorced, Catherine Howard-beheaded, Catherine Parr-survives

__**Act of Supremacy-**__Made Queen Elizabeth head of church, able to dictate religious policy

__**Book of Common Prayer**__-Prayer book and liturgical guide that allowed clergy to marry, elimination of images, revised protestant liturgy

__**Edward VI**__-son of henry VIII and Jane Seymore, king of England as an infant, moved church in protestant direction

__**“Bloody” Mary**__-Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who became queen of England and tried to restore catholicism, married to Philip II King of Spain, burned more than 300 protestants, death ended restoration of catholicism in england

__**John Calvin-**__systemic theologian and organizer of the protestant movement, Institutes of the Christian Religion, predestination

__**Predestination-**__ the belief, associated with Calvinism, that God, as a consequence of his foreknowledge of all events, has predetermined those who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be damned.

__**Geneva-**__Calvin set up a theocracy here, vibrant center of Protestantism

__**Protestant education-l**__iterature more important to read the bible, all children should be educated, divided into private and public school

__**Puritans-**__ English Protestans inspired by Calvinist theology who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England

__**Catholic Reformation-**__revival of roman catholicism where the church had a reformed papacy and strengthened church

__**Saint Theresa of Avila-**__Spanish mystic who was a nun that believed that experiencing a variety of mystical experiences should lead to an active life of service on behalf of catholicism

__**Ignatius of Loyola-**__Spanish nobleman who founded the Society of Jesus, submitted his will to the will of church, soldier of God, The Spiritual Exercises, principles of absolute obedience to the papacy, hierarchal order, education, dedication to engage in conflict for God, 1st general of the order of the Society of Jesus

__**Jesuits-**__pursued 3 major activities, established highly disciplined schools, borrowed freely from humanist schools for their educational methods, education important, famous educators, propagation of the catholic faith among non christians

__**Francis of Xavier**__-one of the original jesuit members, brought catholic christianity to the east, died spreading the faith

__**Pope Paul III-**__continued renaissance practices, choosing nephews, involving himself in politics, patronized arts and letters lavishly, appointed a reform commission, recognized the jesuits, summoned the council of trent, re-established the roman inquisition

__**Council of Trent-**__Met intermittently between 1545 and 1563, made Divisions between moderates and conservatives, Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings: Scripture and tradition were equal on religious issues, only the catholic church could interpret scripture. faith and good works were necessary for salvation, 7 sacraments, transubstantiation-affirmed this belief, reaffirmed belief in clerical celibacy, purgatory, efficacy of indulgences (no selling), established seminaries in each dioceses for the training of priests

__**Huguenots-**__ French Calvinists.

__**Saint Bartholomew’s Day-**__King Henry IX ordered the massacre of huguenots under influence of the guise family, about 3000 huguenots were killed

__**Henry IV-**__Henry of Navarre, survived the massacre by converting to catholic, converted back to calvinism, claimed throne of England when henry iii was killed, converted to catholicism

__**Edict of Nantes-e**__stablished catholicism as the official religion of france but allowed religious toleration

__**Philip** II-__greatest advocate of militant catholicism, king of spain, wanted to consolidate the land and increase his power, strict catholicism

__**The Battle of Leptano-Spain's leadership of a holy league against Turk encroachments resulted in this victory over the turks**__

__**The New World-**__Strict conformity to Catholicism, enforced by aggressive use of the spanish inquisition and the establishment of strong, monarchial authority

__**The Netherlands-**__consisted of 17 provinces, split into 2 provinces based on religion: Southern Catholic provinces of Netherlands form Union of Arras, Northern Protestant provinces for union of utrecht under william of orange; united provinces of the netherlands will become dutch republic

__**Union of Utrecht-**__northern protestant provinces of the netherlands, led by william of orange, would become the dutch republic

__**Elizabeth**__-queen of england, her reign known as the golden age of england, ruled with compromise and moderation

__**Spanish Armada-**__Phillip sends ships to the netherlands to pick up troops and invade england to re-establish catholic monarchy, fail

http://quizlet.com/13769720/ap-euro-chap-13-test-flash-cards/

Possible Essay Questions for Reformation/Wars of Religion Test - Ch 13

To what extent did political authorities influence the course of the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century?

Discuss the political and social consequences of the Protestant Reformation in the first half of the sixteenth century.

Compare and contrast the Lutheran Reformation and the Catholic Reformation of the 16th century regarding the reform of both religious doctrine and religious practices.

Compare and contrast the attitudes of Martin Luther and John Calvin toward political authority and social order.

Describe and analyze the ways in which 16th century Roman Catholics defend their faith against the Protestant Reformation.

"Luther was both a revolutionary and a conservative." Evaluate this statement with respect to Luther's responses to the political and social questions of his day.

Compare and contrast the religious policies of TWO of the following: Phillip II of Spain Elizabeth I of England Henry (of Navarre) IV of France Catherine de Medici of France

CH 13 Readings - from Perry Vol. 1

//Please remember, in order to better understand, the author’s back ground and point of view and the context in which the document was written, you need to read the introduction material provided by the editors of the book.//

//As you read, remember to underline or otherwise make notes of passages that provoke your interest (agree, disagree etc.) Make note of these and bring them up during class discussion.//

Desiderius Erasmus – //In Praise of Folly// Martin Luther – //On Papal Power, Justification by Faith, the Interpretation of the Bible and the Nature of the Clergy// //The Twelve Articles// Martin Luther – //Against the Peasants// John Calvin – //The Institutes, Ecclesiastical Ordinances, and the Obedience Owed Rulers// Saint Ignatius of Loyola – //Aims and Rules of the Society of Jesus// Chronicle of King Francis I – //Burning of Protestants in Paris//

Be prepared to discuss the following questions in class.

What criticisms did Desiderius Erasmus make of the institutional church? What did he see as the solution to the ills afflicting the church?

Why did Martin Luther see the papacy as the crucial block to any meaningful reform of the Church? How did Luther’s teaching undermine the power of the clergy and traditional forms of piety?

Explain the revolutionary potential of the Scriptures as they were interpreted by the poor and oppressed German peasants. How did Martin Luther use the Scriptures to respond to the peasants’ claims?

Why was the doctrine of predestination so troublesome to many Christian theologians? Explain John Calvin’s views on the proper relationship between Christians and the state. The close policing of the morals of individuals is characteristic of Calvinist teachings and practice. What role had Calvinism (or Puritanism, as it was called in England and America) played historically in regulating morals in American society?

In what ways might the organization of the Jesuits be compared to an army? How might Luther have reacted to the aims and rules of the Jesuits?

Why was the burning of heretics treated as a public festival?

Chapter 13 Multiple Choice Answers
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