Chapter+24

Ch 24 Vocabulary Words


 * abstract painting**- "art should speak directly to the soul", avoid references to visual reality and concentrate on color


 * anti-Semitism**- a hatred of Jews


 * Anticlericalism**- the close union of state authorities with established churches produced a backlash that end in separation of church and state


 * Cubism**- art movement that used geometric designs as visual stimuli to re-create reality in the viewer's mind


 * economic** **imperialism**- European finance dominated the economic activity of a large part of the world

-sought originality and distinction from past works
 * Impressionism**- movement that originated from France in the 1870's when a group of artists went out in the countryside to paint nature directly


 * Modernism**- a revolution in the arts and literature in which the artists self-consciously rejected the traditional literary and classic styles that had dominated European cultural life since the Renaissance


 * new** **imperialism**- the intense scramble for overseas territory by the European nations


 * Pogroms-** organized massacres of Jews


 * Psychoanalysis**- (started by Sigmund Freud, Viennese doctor), human behavior was strongly determined by earlier experiences and inner forces of which people were largely oblivious. a human being's inner life was a battleground of 3 contending forces: id, ego, and superego


 * relativity** **theory-** space and time are not absolute but relative to the observer, both interwoven in a 4D space time continuum


 * Samurai** **Shogun-**


 * Social** **Darwinism-** survival of the fittest in application to society


 * Suffrage**- the right to vote and a general priviledge of rights in a country


 * Suffragists**- wanted women to have full citizenship in a nation-state


 * Transformism**- a system in which old political groups were transformed into new government coalitions by political and economic bribery


 * volkish** **thought**- modern day Germans were the only pure successors of the Aryans (proposed as true and original creators of Western culture)


 * Zionism**-

Quizlet http://quizlet.com/19741926/chapter-24-vocab-flash-cards/

Chapter 24 Identify
 * 1) Max **Planck and quanta-** Berlin physicist who rejected the belief that a heated body radiates energy in a steady stream but instead radiated energy discontinuously in irregular packets called "quanta"
 * 2) **Albert Einstein’s E=mc2-** epochal formula; each particle of matter is equivalent to its mass times the square of the velocity of light; key theory in explaining the vast energies contained within the atom
 * 3) **Friedrich Nietzsche-** intellectual who glorified the irrational; Western bourgeois society was incapable of cultural creativity; reason played little role in human life because humans were at the mercy of irrational life forces; "slave morality" of Christianity; Western society could be renewed by recognizing that "God is dead" and consequently Christianity; therefore, this liberated human beings and made it possible to create a higher kind of being, the 'superman;' the superior intellectuals must lead the masses; rejected and condemned political democracy, social reform, and universal suffrage
 * 4) **“slave morality”-** The "slave morality" of Christianity had obliterated human impulse for life and had crushed the human will (Friedrich Nietzsche)
 * 5) Henri Bergson- although he accepted rationa, scientific thought to find knowledge, he was still unable to accept the possibility in finding the ultimate truth or reality.
 * 6) “life force” - reality consists of all things and cannot be divided into analytical parts
 * 7) **Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis-** wrote a series of theories undermining optimism about the rational nature of the human mind; //Interpretation of Dreams// (basic foundation of psychoanalysis); human being was a battleground between the ego, id, and superego; psychoanalysis was accomplished by a dialogue between the psychotherapist and patient in which the therapist probed deep into the memory to trace the chain of repression all the way to its childhood origins, and by making the conscious mind aware of the unconscious and its repressed contents the psychic conflict was resolved
 * 8) **The ego, id and superego-** id: center of unconscious drives, ruled by the pleasure principle; ego: reason, coordinator of inner life, governed by the reality principle; superego: locus of conscience, represented the inhibitions and moral values instilled by society/parents, forced the ego to curb the unsatisfactory drives of the id
 * 9) **Social Darwinism-** the application of Darwin's principle of evolution to the social order
 * 10) **Herbert Spencer-** philosopher supporting social Darwinism; societies were organisms that evolved through time from a struggle with their environment; progress came from "the struggle for survival," the "fit" advanced and the weak declined; //Social Statics//, no government interference
 * 11) **Houston Stewart Chamberlain-** propagandist for volkish thought; //The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century//, modern day Germans were the only pure successors of the "Aryans" who were the true and original creators of Western culture; the Aryan race must be prepared to fight under German leadership to save Western civilization from destructive lower races, especially Jews
 * 12) **Ernst Renan’s** //**Life of Jesus-**// questioned the Bible's historical accuracy and presented a radically different picture of Jesus - not as the son of God but as a human being whose value lay in the example he provided by his life and teaching
 * 13) Pius IX’s //Syllabus of Errors- condemend the new modern movements including nationalism, socialism, and other freedoms and rights, for he believed that the church cannot be a church when agreeing with all of the modern movements//
 * 14) Leo XIII’s //De Rerum Novarum- upheld individual's right to private property and criticized capitalism for poverty and degradation of working class. He believed Christain was principle, but Marxist socialism was condemned. this was compromise.//
 * 15) Emile Zola- showed how alcoholism and different environments affected people's lives. supported Darwin's Origin of Species with its emphasis on the struggle for the fittest. he believed that an artist must take life apart and observe and inspect each part carefully for complete understanding
 * 16) Leo Tolstoy- vivid descriptions of military life and character portrayal; he also portrayed history and life's enduring values of human love and trust
 * 17) The Symbolists- new group of writers who were against Realism in the understanding that the objective world was impossible. everything has a meaning and reveals the true reality of the human mind
 * 18) Impressionism- movement to paint nature directly instead of following other forms of art; originality and distinction
 * 19) Camille Pissarro- impressionist founder who wanted to show the changing effects of life on objects in nature
 * 20) Claude Monet - followed Pissarro and captured interplay of light, water, and atmosphere
 * 21) Post-Impressionism - paying attention to structure and form. color and lines are used to show internal feeling, but the statement of subjective reality; start of modern art
 * 22) Paul Cezanne - expressed the geometric structure and form; breaking down to basic components
 * 23) Vincent van Gogh - tragic figure who believed art was a spiritual experience. Color was its own language, and artists should paint what they felt
 * 24) George Eastman - produced first Kodak comera for mass market; photography became popular
 * 25) Pablo Picasso and Cubism- he painted in a lot of styles, but he also created cubism to re-create reality in people's mind, the complete use of geometric designs for visual stimuli
 * 26) Wassily Kandinsky and Abstract Impressionism- "visual reality" let go of and representation avoided. art came directly from soul, so there should be no reference from visual reality or concentration of color
 * 27) Igor Stravinsky’s //The Rite of Spring- pulsating rhythms, sharp dissonances, and unusual dancing, understanding of irrational forces of music - modern musical movement//
 * 28) The Pankhursts and the suffragettes- Emmeline and daughters formed Women's Social and Political union, found value of media and used publicity stunts for attention, complete violent measures to gain attention; wanted only the right of women to full citizenship in nation-state
 * 29) The new woman- renounced feminine roles and supported socialism, freedoms include those who beat the odds against men in education and job opportunities
 * 30) Maria Montessori- example of "new woman" who attended medical school at University of rome, received medical degree, lecture tour of new woman, put to work for school for mentally handicapped children, children education based on natural and spontaneous activities for children to learn at their own pace
 * 31) Alfred Dreyfus- falsely accused for selling secrets to the enemies; later found to be falsely accused because of his being a Jew
 * 32) Theodore Herzl - key figure of the Zionism movement; the Jewish State
 * 33) Zionism - a movement with a call for Jewish state or refuge to be found in Palestine
 * 34) Fabian Socialists - stressed need to right to vote with House of Commons and pass a legislation that would benefit the working class, favored evolution through democratic means; later form labor party
 * 35) David Lloyd George- advanced policy of reform chancellor of Exchequer; moved by misery of coal miners; increased tax burden of wealthy classes; faced opposition from House of Lords
 * 36) //Transformismo - led by Giovanni Giolitti; a system where old political groups were transformed into new government coalitions by political and economic bribery; later turned everything to violent measures//
 * 37) Pan-German League- stressed strong German nationalism and advocated imperialism as a way to overcome social divisons and unite all classes; also denounced Jews
 * 38) Russo-Japanese War - russia's territorial expansion with confrontation with Japan, Asian state was militarily superior and Russians admited defeat and sued for peace; caused breakdown of transportation system which led to food shortages
 * 39) “Bloody Sunday” - when a procession of workers went to Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg to present a list of grievances and the troops shot at the demonstration; new call for strikes and union formations
 * 40) Peter Stolypin - tsar's chief adviser; his assassination made reforms dissolve village ownership and Nicholas II now curtailed power of Duma; army and bureaucracy ruled Russia again
 * 41) New Imperialism - powers call for scramble for forming colonies in Africa and Asia; territorial gains and expansion; spur of nationalistic pride and feeling
 * 42) “white man’s burden” - moral responsibility to civilize ignorant people; religious motives; seek converts of their own faith
 * 43) Cecil Rhodes - British policy of South AFrica; found diamond and gold companies that monopolized production and gain control of Transvaal and named it Rhodesia after himself; goal to create a series of British colonies; later resigned because he conspired to overthrow Boer government without British approval
 * 44) Boer War- great casualties caused antiwar sentiment at home; boers' use guerrilla tactics; cost demonstrated to increase military and monetary investment
 * 45) Suez Canal - opened by French; lifeline to India for British
 * 46) Hong Kong - obtained by British and gained trading rights to some Chinese cities; some resistance from Chinese but only leading to military defeats and new demands
 * 47) “open door” policy - by John Hay; one country would not restrict commerce of other countries in the same sphere of influence
 * 48) Commodore Matthew Perry - forced the Japanese to grant United States trading and diplomatic privileges; controlled American naval forces
 * 49) Boxer Rebellion- Outburst of violence against foreigners; secret organization called Society of Harmonious Fists formed Boxers who murdered foreign missionaries, Chinese who converted to Christianity, railroad workers, foreign businessmen, and German envoy to Beijing. Response was immediate and overwhelming and an allied army attacked Beijing, restored order and demanded more concessions from Chiense government. Imperial government weakened.
 * 50) Meiji Restoration- revolt by the samurai to restore the emperor as the rightful head of government; formed reign of Meiji with Mutsuhito as new emperor; process of modernizing Japan in preparation of military
 * 51) Indian national Congress- formed against british violence and insensitivity; commanding complete independence; consisting of moderate, educated Indians who were looking for self-government
 * 52) Bismarckian System - system of alliances to attempt to prevent conflicts between major powers
 * 53) Congress of Berlin- formed to discuss the revision of the Treaty of San Stefano; attempt of balance of power; dominated by Bismark and ended up getting rid of Treaty of san Stefano and created humiliation for Russia; Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania formed and Bosnia and Herzegovina were under Austrian protection
 * 54) Triple Alliance- formed after Russia's withdrawl; Germany, Austria, and Italy, support political order and ind efensive alliance against France and others supporting it
 * 55) Emperor William II- demanded Russians accept Austria's annexation or face war with Germany, causing Russians to back down because weakened, wanted his own foreign policies, dismissed Bismark; broke apart Reinsurance Treaty to prevent conflict with Austria
 * 56) Triple Entente- confederation of Great BRitain, France, and Russia; opposed Triple Alliance; no more compromise
 * 57) Balkins’ Crisis- Austria annexed two Slavic speaking territories; causing conflcit with Serbia who was supported by Russia was broke down because of Germany, Serbia wanted land back to create a Serbian kingdom, and Austria afraid of Serbia's territorial growth. Russia joined due to feeling of revenge and nationalistic pride; starting the coming of World War I.

Chapter 24 Primary Source Readings Sources of the Western Tradition – Perry

//Please remember, in order to better understand, the author’s back ground and point of view and the context in which the document was written, you need to read the introduction material provided by the editors of the book.//

//As you read, remember to underline or otherwise make notes of passages that provoke your interest (agree, disagree etc.) Make note of these and bring them up during class discussion.//

Each Member of the Class will be assigned ONE of the readings. They will present an APPARTS analysis of their reading and answer the questions(s) associated with the reading.

Which of Jean Bouvier’s early experiences would be likely to influence her later work for the rights of workers, especially female workers?
 * Jean Bouvier – THE PAINS OF POVERTY - Harper, Nathaniel**

Describe the role of the Catholic priest in the discontent of Nikolaus Osterroth and the miners. Describe how the ideas expressed in the Social Democrat pamphlet were seized by Osterroth and transformed his life.
 * Nikolaus Osterroth – THE YEARNING FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE - Dara, Plezia**

What, according to William Booth, were the essential aspects of life in “Darkest England”? Why did he draw the comparison to darkest Africa?
 * William Booth – IN DARKEST ENGLAND - Marshall, Conner**

What did the working conditions and treatment of women workers indicate about the position of women in Russian working-class society?
 * M.I. Pokrovskaya – WORKING CONDITIONS FOR WOMEN IN RUSSIAN FACTORIES - John, Courtney**

Why were many Germans attracted to Chamberlain’s racial theories?
 * Houston Stewart Chamberlain – THE IMPORTANCE OF RACE - Graig, Kennedy**

How did Joseph Chamberlain define the national mission of the “great governing race”? What were the economic benefits of that mission?
 * Joseph Chamberlain – THE BRITISH EMPIRE:COLONIAL COMMERCE AND “THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN” - Nick, Meghan**

How did Karl Pearson define the difference between inferior and superior races? What measures did Pearson advocate for keeping a nation such as Britain at its highest potential?
 * Karl Pearson – SOCIAL DARWINISM: IMPERIALISM JUSTIFIED BY NATURE - Chad, Annie**

Why, in J.A. Hobson’s opinion, was the //pax Britanica// an “impudent falsehood”? One ideal of imperialism was to spread civilizing influences among native populations. How did Hobson interpret this sense of mission?
 * John Atkinson Hobson – ANEARLY CRITIQUE OF IMPERIALISM - Ryan, Susie**

Why did Friedrich Nietzsche attack democracy and socialism? How do you respond to his attack? What were Friedrich Nietzsche’s criticisms of Christianity? How do you respond to this attack?
 * Friedrich Nietzsche – //THE WILL TO POWER// AND //THE ANTICHRIST - Alexis, Emily//**

According to Gustav Le Bon, how are individual transformed once they become part of a crowd? How does the leader sway the crowd?
 * Gustave Le Bon – MASS PSYCHOLOGY - Hannah, Sarah**

According to Churchill, why did the Muslim tribesmen believe they were going to triumph? Why did he view the battle as a conflict between medievalism and modernity?
 * Winston S. Churchill – THE BATTLE OF OMDURMAN - Eun Bit, Becky**

What were the effects of King Leopold’s rule over the Congo peoples? How did he establish the Leopoldian system?
 * Edmund Morel – THE BLACK MAN”S BURDEN - Gabriel, Sydney**

What social groups in Kishinev took part in the attack upon the Jews? What role did government officials play?
 * THE KISHINEV POGROM, 1903 - Gracie**

Why did Theodor Herzl believe that the creation of a Jewish state was the only solution to the Jewish question?
 * Theodor Herzl – THE JEWISH STATE - Mayes**

Do the demands in Father Gapon’s petition indicate that these workers were revolutionaries? Explain your answer.
 * George Gapon and Ivan Vasimov – PETITION TO THE TSAR - Tyler**

Chapter24 Multiple Choice Answers
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