Chapter+22

Ch 22 Vocabulary Words

**Ausgleich-**Compromise of 1867 that created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Austria and Hungary each had its own capital, constitution, and legislative assembly but were united under one monarch.

**Dialectic-**logic, one of the seven liberal arts that made up the medieval curriculum. In Marxist thought, the process by which all change occurs through the clash of antagonistic elements.

**Marxism-**the political, economic, and social theories of Karl Marx, which included the idea that history is the story of class struggle and that ultimately the proletariat will overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a dictatorship en route to a classless society.

**Materialism-**the belief that everything mental, spiritual, or ideal is an outgrowth of physical forces and that truth is found in concrete material existence, not through feeling or intuition

**Mir-**peasant village commune in Russia


 * Nation state- ** form of political organization in which a relatively homogeneous people inhabits a sovereign state, as opposed to a state containing people of several nationalities

**Nationalism-**A sense of national consciousness based on awareness of being part of a community, a nation, that has common institutions, traditions, language, and customs and that becomes the focus of the individual's primary political loyalty

**Nationalities problem-**the dilemma faced by the austro-hungarian empire in trying to unite a wide variety of ethnic groups (Austrians, Hungarians, Pole, Croats, Czechs, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes, among others) in an era when nationalism and calls for self determination were coming to the fore

**Natural selection-**Darwin's idea that organisms that are most adaptable to their environment survive and pass on the variations that enabled them to survive, while less adaptable organisms become extinct; survival of the fittest

**Organic evolution-**Darwin's principle that all plants and animals have evolved over a long period of time from earlier and simpler forms of life

**Pasteurization-**a proces developed by Louis Pasteur for heating a product to destroy the microorganisms that might cause spoilage

**Realism-**a 19th century school of painting that emphasized everyday life of ordinary people, depicted with photographic accuracy

**Realpolitik-**Politics of reality. politics based on practical concerns rather than theory or ethics

**Surplus value-**In Marxism, difference between product's real value and the wages of the worker who produced the product.

**Zemstvos-**local assemblies established in Russia in 1864 by Tsar Alexander II

**Zollverein-**Customs union of all the german states except Austria, formed by prussia in 1834

http://quizlet.com/18844725/chapter-22-vocab-ap-euro-flash-cards/

Ch 22 Identify

-clever politician who specifically expressed he would never give up on his desires for France and personal power (-10 year president from a vote with 92% for his presidency, 97% were then for restoration of the old empire) -chief of state, controlled armed forces, police, and civil service--only he could introduce legislation and declare war -believed in using govt. resources to stimulate economy and encouraged industrial growth (built railroads, canals, harbors, and roads. iron production was tripled and the major French railway lines were completed) -provided hospitals and free medicine for the workers and advocated better housing for the proletariat -legalized trade unions and granted them the right to strike -helped liberalize the political process and his general liberalization strengthened the government at first and his popularity w/the people 3.** Mexico and Emperor Maximilian - **Considerably less accomplished at dealing with foreign policy, especially his imperialistic adventure in Mexico; To dominate Mexican markets for French goods, Napoleon sent troops to MX in 1861 with GB and Spain to protect their interests in the midst of the upheaval caused by a struggle between liberal and conservative Mexican factions; 1864-Napoleon III installed Archduke Maximilian of Austria as new emperor of MX; When French troops were needed in Europe, Maximilian became emperor without army; surrendered to liberal Mexican forces in 5/1867 and executed in June [|Quizlet]
 * 1) ** Baron Hausman and Paris - aided in reconstructing Paris into a more efficient city that also included wider streets that discouraged rebellion by allowing troops to move through the city quicker **
 * 2) ** Napoleon III ** - showed how authoritarian governments could use liberal and nationalistic forces for their own benefit
 * 4.Crimean War - **War erupted between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in 1853 when Russians demanded the rights to protect Christian shrines in Palestine, a privilege that had already been extended to the French; Russians occupied Moldavia and wallachia; Ottoman empire declared war on Russia on 10/4/1853; Concern over prospect of an upset in the balance of power was clearly one reason for Britain and France to declare war on 10/4/1853; GB feared that an aggressive Russia would try to profit from the weakness of the Ottoman gov. by seizing Ottoman territory of Dardanelles; move would make Russia major power in eastern Europe & enable Russians to challenge GB naval control of the eastern Mediterranean; Napoleon III felt that Russians had insulted France; 1. Congress of Vienna 2. Insistence on replacing france as the protectors of Christians living in the ottoman empire; feared the collapse of the ottoman empire and the growth of Russian influence there; Russians thought they could count on support from Austria; Austria decided to remain neutral; Russia would have to fight alone; C rimean war is best remembered for the suicidal charge of the British Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaklava; Britain and France decided to attack Russia’s Crimean peninsula in the Black Sea; Main Russian fortress of Sevastopol fell in 9/1855; Tsar Nicholas I’s successor Alexander II sued for peace; Treaty of Paris-Russia was forced to give up Bessarabia at the mouth of the Danube and accept the neutrality of the Black Sea; the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were placed under the protection of all five great powers
 * 1) ** Ottoman Empire - ** 19th century-entered a fresh period of decline; nationalist revolt had gained independence for Greece in 1830; Serbia claimed autonomy in 1827; recognized by Ottoman Empire in 1830; Russians obtained a protectorate over the Danubian provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1829; European governments began to take active interest in the empire’s apparent demise; Russia’s proximity to the Ottoman Empire and the religious bonds between the Russians and the Greek Orthodox hristians in Ottoman-dominated southeastern Europe gave it special opportunities to enlarge its sphere of influence; Other European powers not only feared Russian ambitions but also had objectives of their own in the area; Austria-more land in the Balkans; France and Britain-commercial opportunities and naval bases in the eastern Mediterranean
 * 2) ** Dardanelles - **  GB feared that an aggressive Russia would try to profit from the weakness of the Ottoman gov. by seizing Ottoman territory; move would make Russia major power in eastern Europe & enable Russians to challenge GB naval control of the eastern Mediterranean
 * 3) ** Sevastopol - main Russian fortress fell in 9/1855 **
 * 4) ** Florence Nightingale ** -  insisted on strict sainitary condition; saved many lives and helped make nursing a profession of trained, middle class women
 * 5) ** Piedmont and the House of Savoy - best hope to achieve goal; house of savory ruled ****Piedmont**
 * 6) ** Count Camillo di Cavour ** -  Liberal-minded nobleman who had made a fortune in agriculture and went on to make even more money in banking, railroads and shipping; Moderate who favored constitutional gov.; Consummate politician with ability to persuade others of the rightness of his own convictions; Pursued policy of economic expansion, encouraging the building of roads, canals, and railroads and fostering business enterprise by expanding credit and stimulating investment in new industries
 * 7) ** Battles of Magenta and Solferino - ** The French were largely responsibly for defeating the Austrians in these battles; made peace with Austria on 7/11/1859
 * 8) ** Giuseppe Garibaldi - ** dedicated Italian patriot who had supported Mazzini and the republican cause of Young Italy; raised an army of a thousands Red Shirts; 5/11/1860-landed in Sicily where a revolt had broken out against Bourbon king of Two Sicilies
 * 9) ** Red Shirts - ** Garibaldi’s volunteers who were called this because of their distinctive dress
 * 10) ** //Zollverein -// ** a german customs union in 1834; had elemeniated tolls on rivers and roads among member states; had stimulated trade and added to the prosperity of its member states
 * 11) ** Count Otto von Bismarck - ** Junker; wine, women and song; Prussian civil service but tired bureaucratic, administrative routine and retired to manage his country estates; 1851-began to build a base of diplomatic experience as Prussian ambassador to Russia and France, gave him opportunites to acquire a wide knowledge of European affairs and to learn how to assess the character of rulers
 * 12) ** “iron and blood”- how Bismark appealed (passionately towards liberals) to Parliament for a grant on army appropriations (denied but he ignored parliament and went ahead and collected the taxes while blaming liberals for breakdown of constitutional govt) **
 * 13) //**Realpolitik** -// Politics of reality. politics based on practical concerns rather than theory or ethics
 * 14) ** Austro-Prussian War - ** Bismark  Had no problem gaining Russia’s agreement to remain neutral in the event of an Austro-Prussian war because Prussia had been the only great power to support Russia’s repression of a Polish revolt in 1863; Able to buy Napoleon III’s neutrality with vague promises of territory in the Rhineland; Made an alliance with the new Italian state and promised it Venetia in the event of Austrian defeat; Bismark used the joint occupation of Schleswig-Holstein to goad the Austrians into a war on 6/14/1866; Expected Austrian victory; overlooked effectiveness of the Prussian military reforms of 1860s; Prussian breech-loading gun had a much faster rate of fire than the Austrian muzzleloader, and a superior network of railroads enabled the Prussians to mass troops quickly; Königgrätz 7/3-Austrian army defeated
 * 15) ** North German Confederation - ** German states north of the main river; Each German state kept its own local government, but the king of Prussia was head of the confederation and the chancellor was responsible directly to the king
 * 16) ** Franco-Prussian War - ** French declared war on Prussia on 7/15/1870; French proved no match for the better led and better organized Prussian forces; Southern German states honored their military alliances with Prussia and joined the war effort against the French; Prussian armies advanced into France, and at Sedan n 9/2/1870 an entire French army and Napoleon III were captured; Second French Empire collapsed but the war was not yet over; Paris finally capitulated on 1/28/1871; An official peace treaty was signed in May; France had to pay an indemnity of 5 billion francs and give up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to the new German state
 * 17) ** Battles of Sadowa and Sedan - on september 2,1870 at Sedan, Napoleon III and a whole French army were captured **
 * 18) ** Second German Empire - ** Prussian leadership of German unification meant the triumph of authoritarian, militaristic values over liberal, constitutional sentiments
 * 19) ** Dual Monarchy - ** Austria-Hungary; Each part of the empire had a constitution, bicameral legislature, governmental machinery for domestic affairs and its own capital; Francis Joseph held the two states together and a common army, foreign policy and system of finances
 * 20) ** //Ausgleich -// ** compromise of 1867; created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary
 * 21) ** Alexander II and serfs - ** Alexander I issued his emancipation edict-peasants could now own property, marry as they chose and bring suits in the law courts; limited emancipation; gov. provided land for the peasants by purchasing it for the landowners, landowners kept best lands; peasants found that they had inadequate amounts food arable land to support themselves, a situation that worsened as the peasant population increased rapidly
 * 22) ** //Zemstvos -// ** local assemblies, that provided a moderate degree of self-government
 * 23) ** The People’s Will - ** encouraged Zasulich’s successful use of violence against the tsarist regime; succeeded in assassinating
 * 24) ** Queen Victoria ** -   British feeling of national pride was well reflected; sense of duty and moral respectability reflected the attitudes of her age
 * 25) ** Reform Bill of 1867 ** -  important step toward the democratization of Britain; By lowering the monetary requirements for voting, it by and large enfranchised many male urban workers
 * 26) ** Benjamin Disraeli - ** Tory leader in Parliament; motivated by desire to win over the newly enfranchised groups to the Conservative Party
 * 27) **William Gladstone** - responsible for a series of impressive reforms; Reforms were typically liberal; By eliminating abuses and enabling people with talent to compete fairly, they sought to strengthen the nation and its institutions
 * 28) **Kansas–Nebraska Act** - allowed slavery in the Kansas and Nebraska territories determined by popular sovereignty; created a firestorm in the North and led to the creation of a new sectional party
 * 29) **Emancipation Proclamation -** made most of the nation’s slaves free
 * 30) **Dominion of Canada** - Parliament established the Canadian nation; own constitution
 * 31) //**The Communist Manifesto** -//  short treatise written by Marx and Engles; beginnings of Marxism; most influential political treatises; synthesis of German and French though; French-ample documentation for his assertion that a revolution could totally restructure society and several examples of socialism; course of history is determined by material forces
 * 32) ** Hegel’s dialectic - ** everything evolves and all change in history is the result of conflicts between antagonistic elements
 * 33) **Bourgeoisie v. proletariat** - As bourgeoises took control in turns, its ideas became the dominant views of the era, and gov. became its instrument ; The gov. of the state reflected and defended the inerests of the industrial middle class and its allies; Marx and Engles insisted that the bourgeois had not triumphed completely; Bourgeois had to face the proletariat-industrial wprking class; Struggle would be fierce, but eventually bourgeois would be overthrown; Proletariat would form a dictatorship to reorganize the means of production; A classes society would emerge, and the state would wither away since it no longer represented the interests of a particular class
 * 34) //**Das Kapital -**// Marx was preoccupied with organizing the working-class movement; Defined communists as the most advanced and resolute section of the working class parties of every country; Advantage was ability to understand the line of march, the conditions and the ultimate general results of the proletarian movement
 * 35) **Louis Pasteur -**  frenchman; formulated the germ theory of disease; development of modern scientific medical practices; chemist who approached medical problems in a scientific way; experiments proved that microorganisms were responsible for the process of fermentation; examination of wine industry led to pasteurization-heating a product to destroy the organisms causing spoilage; preventive vaccination against rabies
 * 36) **Dmitri Mendeleyev -** Russian; classified all the material elements known on the basis of their atomic weights and provided the systematic foundation for the periodic law
 * 37) **Michael Faraday** - English; discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction and put together a primitive generator
 * 38) **Charles Darwin -** scientific amateur; studied theology at Cambridge University; interested in geology and biology; naturalist to study animals and plants on the H.M.S. //Beagle//-survey and study the landmasses of S. America and the S. Pacific; study the structure of various forms of plants and animal life; came to discard the notion of a special creation and to believe that animals evolved over time and in response to their environment
 * 39) //**On the Origin of the Species - Charles Darwin;**// formulated an explanation for evolution in the principle of natural selection
 * 40) **“survival of the fit”** - As more individuals are produced than can possibly survive, there must in every case be a struggle for existence, either one individual with another of the same species, or with the individuals of distinct species, or with the physical conditions of life; Those who succeeded in this struggle for existence had adapted better to their environment, a process made possible by the appearance of variants
 * 41) **Joseph Lister -** developed the antiseptic principle; one of the first people to deal with this problem; perceived that bacteria might enter a wound and cause infection; use of carbolic acid proved remarkably effective in eliminating infections during surgery
 * 42) **Elizabeth Blackwell -** achieved the first major breakthrough for women in medicine; admitted to Geneva College of Medicine in New York by mistake; perseverance and intelligence won her the respect of her fellow students; received MD in 1849 and established clinic in NYC
 * 43) **August Comte -** Frenchman; // System of Positive Philosophy //
 * 44) **“positive knowledge” -** based on a hierarchy of all the sciences; Mathematics was the foundation on which the physical sciences, earth sciences and biological sciences were built; Sociology-science of human society; incorporation of economic, anthropology, history and social psychology
 * 45) **Realism -** a 19th century school of painting that emphasized everyday life of ordinary people, depicted with photographic accuracy
 * 46) **Gustav Flaubert’s** //**Madame Bovary -**// straightforward description of barren and sordid small-town life in France; contempt for bourgeois society was evident in portrayal of middle-class hypocrisy and smugness
 * 47) **Charles Dickens -** greatest of Victorian novelists; novels focused on the lower and middle classes in Britain’s early industrial age; descriptions of urban poor and the brutalization of human life were vividly realistic
 * 48) **Franz Liszt -** Hungarian; Greatest pianist of all time; credited with introducing the concept of the modern piano recital; Compositions consist mainly of piano pieces; Symphonic poem-refer to his orchestral works; didn’t strictly obey traditional forms and were generally based on a literary or pictorial idea
 * 49) **Richard Wagner -** Realized the german desire for a truyly national opera; Composer, Propagandist and writer in support of his unique conception of dramatic music; Wagner transformed opera into music drama
 * 50) //**Gesamtkunstwerk -**// musical composition for the theater in which music, acting, dance, poetry, and scenic design are synthesized into a harmonious whole

Chapter 22 Primary Source Readings Sources of the Western Tradition – Perry

//Please remember, in order to better understand, the author’s back ground and point of view and the context in which the document was written, you need to read the introduction material provided by the editors of the book.//

//As you read, remember to underline or otherwise make notes of passages that provoke your interest (agree, disagree etc.) Make note of these and bring them up during class discussion.//

Ernst Moritz Arndt – THE WAR OF LIBERATION Giuseppe Mazzini – YOUNG ITALY Charles Darwin – NATURAL SELECTION Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels – COMMUNIST MANIFESTO

10. According to the Manifesto, why is capitalism doomed? What conditions will bring about the end of capitalism? 11. “The ruling ideas of each age have ever been the ideas of its ruling class.” What is meant by this statement? Do you agree or disagree? Explain. 12. Have Marx’s predictions proven accurate? Explain your answer.
 * 1) Ernst Moritz Arndt’s writings show the interconnection between romanticism and nationalism. Discuss this statement.
 * 2) Why do you suppose many students were attracted to Young Italy?
 * 3) Giuseppe Mazzini was a democrat, a nationalist and a romantic. Discuss this statement.
 * 4) How did Charles Darwin make use of Thomas Malthus’s theory of population growth?
 * 5) How did Darwin account for the extinction of old species and the emergence of new ones?
 * 6) What did Darwin mean when he said that man “with his god-like intellect… still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin”?
 * 7) What do Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels mean by the term class conflict? What historical examples of class conflict are provided?
 * 8) According to the //Manifesto//, what role has the state played in the class conflict?
 * 9) How does the Manifesto describe the condition of the working class under capitalism?

Chapter22 Multiple Choice Answers


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