Chapter+18

__//Vocabulary//__ //**Words**//-


 * 1) __Agricultural revolution__ -agrarian change, increased food production, new agricultural techniques - Jethro Tull made seed planting machine and horse-drawn plow
 * 2) __Balance of power__ -counterbalancing the power of a state by another to prevent any one state form dominating the others
 * 3) __Cottage industry__ -"putting out" or "domestic" system in which merchant-captialist entrepreneur bought the raw materials, mostly wool and flax, and "put them out" to rural workers, capitalist entrepreneurs sold the finished product, made a profit, and used it to manufacture more
 * 4) __Enclosure movement__ -enclosure or inclosure is the process which was used to end some traditional rights, such as mowing meadows for hay, or grazing livestock on land which is owned by another person, or a group of people.
 * 5) __Enlightened absolutism__ -monarchs followed the advice of philosophes and ruled by enlightened principles such as natural rights, establishing a path to modern nationhood
 * 6) __Infanticide__ - The crime of killing a child within a year of birth
 * 7) __Limited (constitutional) monarchy__ -A constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a written, unwritten, or blended constitution
 * 8) __Natural laws__ -a body of laws or specific principles held to be derived from nature and binding on all human societies even in the absence of written laws governing such matters.
 * 9) __Natural rights__ -inalterable privileges that ought not to be withheld from any person
 * 10) __Orders/estates__ -A particular class or category of people in society based on heredity
 * 11) __Patricians__ -people with wealth from capitalistic enterprises which enabled them to dominate urban communities
 * 12) __Primogeniture__ -the practice of treating the first son as the favorite
 * 13) __Reason of state__ - where a ruler looks beyond dynastic interests and focuses on the betterment of the state
 * 14) __Serf__ -peasants who worked the land, were not owned but lived on the land
 * 15) __Tithe__ -1/3 of income that was supposed to be given to the Church

http://quizlet.com/16070488/ap-euro-chapter-18-vocab-flash-cards/

__//**Chapter 18 Identify**//__

__**Enlightened absolutism**__-monarchs followed the advice of philosophes and ruled by enlightened principles such as natural rights, establishing a path to modern nationhood __**Lou****is**__ **__XV__**-reign had bigger debt and higher taxes, ruled alone, laxy and weak, influenced by his many ministers and mistresses __**Cardinal Fleury**__ - replaced the duke of Orleans as king's minister. Pulled away from foreign adventures because commerce and trade expanded so the government promoted growth of industry __**Madame de Pompadour**__ - the most influential mistress of Louis XV, gained wealth and power, made important government decisions and gave advice on appointments and foreign policy __** Louis XVI- **__ did not have the energy for state affairs. married to Marie Antoinette, underwent financial crisis __**Marie Antoinette**__ - spoiled Austrian princess always involved wtih court intrigues __**The United Kingdom**__ - 1707 government united England and Scotland, British refers to Brits and Scots __**“pocket boroughs”**__ - many pieces of small lands or boroughs controlled by one person, support through patronage and bribery ("in the pocket") __**The Hanoverians / the Georges**__ - After the Stuarts, no sudden heir so given tot he Protestant rulers of the German state of Hanover, did not understand the BRitish system so allowed Parliament to take control, later developing the modern cabinet system in British government __**Robert Walpol**__e - first prime minister under Hanoverians, pursued peaceful foreign policy to avoid new land taxes __**“Wilkes and Liberty”**__-slogan used to give the common people of London the right to vote __**William Pitt the Elder**__ - furthered imperial ambitions by acquiring Canada and India in Seven Years' War, George III replaced him with Lord Burt. __**Patriots vs. Orangists**__ - regents wanted to reduce power of Organists, and the Patriots (dutch burghers) wanted to open up municipal councils than the oligarchs. Patriots started to interfere with foreign interference and later crushed because the Prussian king wanted to protect his sister who is the wife of the Organist stadholder. Orangists and regents later reestablished old system __**Frederick William I**__ - established the General Directory, ensured close bond between the nobility and army, junkers played a big role __**Junkers**__ - nobility or landed aristocracy __**“Prussian Militarism”**__ - extreme exaltation of military virtues __**Frederick II the Grea****t**__ - had the philosophe Voltaire tutor him at court, eliminate the use of torture except in cases of murder or treason made Prussia one of Europe's great power, enlarged the army and use it in foreign policy disputes __**“the first servant of the**__ **state”** - Frederick William I, utter and complete devotion to the servitude of the king and state __**Maria** **Theresa**__ - conservative and not open to wider reform calls of philosophes, wanted Silesia back after War of Austrian Succession __**Joseph**__ **II**-all his subjects were equal before the law, most enlightened ruler, though his reforms were relatively short-lived and put him in conflict with the Austrian nobility __**Catherine II the Great**__ - husband Peter III murdered by a faction of nobles, new law code, divided Russia into fifty providences, attempted to reform the society but had to keep support from Palace Guard __**Serfs**__-peasants who worked the land, were not owned but lived on the land __**Emelyn Pugachev**__ - rebellion led Catherine the Great to make a philosophical break from her Enlightenment ideals, support from peasants and seized many landlords' estates, died down when government became effective, later executed __**Partitions of Poland**__- Prussia, Austria, and Russia __**War of Austrian Succession**__ - involved most of the powers of Europe over the question of Maria Theresa's succession to the realms of House of Habsburg, Prussia seized Silesia __**Silesia**__ - land that Austria and Prussia were in conflict over, Prussia finally got to keep this land after Seven Years War __**Robert Clive**__ - controlled the British in India __**Seven Years’ War**__ -led to the weakening of the French; made Britain a world power, Diplomatic revolution, battle of rossbach, british capture of forts duquesne and louisbourg, (french indian war), peace of hubertusburg and treaty of paris, believed to be the first world war __**French-Indian War**__ - battle of quebec, Austria allied with Russia and France, Britain allied with Prussia, Britain wins with naval power __**Montcalm and Wolfe**__ - General James Wolf = British leader, General Louis-Joseph Montcalm = French leader, both died during the French-Indian War __**Treaty of Paris**__ - French forced to make peace after many British victories, 1763, ceded Canada and lands east of Mississippi to Britain, French gave Louisiana territory to Spanish, ended French and Indian War __**Scurvy and yellow fever**__ - conditions of the naval ships were very repulsive, these diseases were rampant and constant __**Press-ganged**__ - lower class forced to duty in the military services, usually vegabonds and the unemployed __**Coitus interuptus and infanticide**__ - a way of birth control, crime of abandoning a child or "accidently" smothering a child in the parents' bed within a year of birth, to get rid of an extra mouth to feed __**Potatoes and maize**__ - brought from Europe to America, peasants forced to rely on small plots of land, little effort to grow large quantities, easily stored for winter **__Agricultural enclosures__** - large landowners took old fields and small pieces of land to form large estates, cooperative farming and open field system, increase food production, farmers become wage laborers, no more traditional patterns in English village life __**Bank of England**__ - recieve deposits, exchange foreign currencies, made loans, lend money, used "banknotes," created notion of public and private debt for the London financial community: financing larger armies and other government undertakings __**“banknotes”**__ - paper currency replacing gold and silver, used for credit __ **The “putting out” or “domestic system”** __ - cottage industry, merchants give raw materials such as wool or fleece to the rural workers in the countryside, one cottage would make yarn, move to the next to weave into cloth on looms, the finished products would be given to the merchants to sell for profit, the rural workers were also able to recieve wages as agricultural laborers __**Richard Arkwright’s “water frame”**__ - higher demand of yarn, helped make large quantities of yarn after the invention of the shuttle frame to make more cloth __**The country house**__ - a place of privacy and indulgence, aristocrats use as vacation, usually Georgian style, lower for public guests, upper for private rooms, sometimes a park or extra land for more seculsion __**Thomas Gainsborough**__ - artist //Conversation in the park// showed the relaxed state of the aristocrats at their parks and country houses __**Grand Tour**__ -intended to train young men in becoming sophisticated behavior and complete their education **__Hercuaneum and Popmeii__** - great sightseeing stops for grand tours, tourist attractions, ancient Roman towns __**London’s one million**__ //-// population of London making it the largest city of Europe __**Beggars and prostitutes**__ - no more charity because of fear of inclinations to crimes and stimulate greed, government should also be included in charity through public work __**“balance of power”**__-counterbalancing the power of a state by another to prevent any one state form dominating the others __**“reason of state”**__-where a ruler looks beyond dynastic interests and focuses on the betterment of the state
 * __Joh__ __n Law’s “bubble”__ ** - tried to form the French Company into a national bank, people drove the price of stock very high and made the bank go bankrupt, so French public finance wa slow in development

http://quizlet.com/16179575/ap-euro-chapter-18-flash-cards/ __Tudor Dynasty – Britain__ Henry VII 1458 – 1509 Henry VIII 1509 – 1547 Edward VI 1547 – 1553 Mary I 1553 – 1558 Elizabeth I 1558 – 1603 __Stuart Dynasty – Britain__ James I 1603 – 1625 Charles I 1625 – 1649 Commonwealth – Oliver Cromwell 1649 – 1660 Charles II 1660 – 1685 James II 1685 – 1688 William and Mary 1688 – 1702 Anne 1702 – 1714 __Bourbon Dynasty – France__ Henry IV 1589 – 1610 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #373737; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">Louis XIII 1610 – 1643 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #373737; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">Louis XIV 1643 – 1715 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #373737; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">Louis XV 1715 – 1774 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #373737; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">Louis XVI 1774 – 1792 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #373737; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">French Revolution – Napoleon I <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #373737; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">Louis XVIII 1814 – 1824 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #373737; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;">Charles X 1824 – 1830

Chapter18 Multiple Choice Answers
 * 1) 1.E
 * 2) 2.B
 * 3) 3.D
 * 4) 4.E
 * 5) 5.B
 * 6) 6.B
 * 7) 7.C
 * 8) 8.A
 * 9) 9.C
 * 10) 10.B
 * 11) 11.E
 * 12) 12.A
 * 13) 13.E
 * 14) 14.C
 * 15) 15.D