Chapter+11

Ch 11 vocabulary list

Black Death- Most devastating natural disaster in Europe's history that caused economic, social, political, and cultural upheaval. Killed 1/3 of Europe's population. Spread through rats that accompanied traders traveling from Asia to Europe. Conciliarism- Belief that only a general council of the church could end the schism and bring reform to the church in its heads and members. Condottieri- Leaders of mercenary soldiers Grandi- A patrician class of nobles who ruled Florence before the popolo grasso took over. Great Schism- The event in the 14th century in which three popes ruled from three different areas- causing confusion on which pope was the "head leader." In the end all 3 are forced to resign and the Council of Constance ends schism. Jacquerie- Peasant revolt in France in 1358. Mysticism- The immediate experience of oneness with God. Pogroms- Organized massaces of Jews Popolo grasso- Wealthy merchant-industrialist class "fat people" Popolo minuto- Small shopkeepers and artisans Purgatory- The place where souls went after death to be purged of punishment for sins committed in life. Scutage- money payments (became increasingly substituted for military service after the Black Death)

Ch 11 Terms to Identify


 * ** "little ice age"- ** a slight drop in the overall temperatures caused a shorten growing season, severe storms, constant rain, caused famine, killed estimated 10% of European population; chronic malnutrition increased infant mortality and decreased resistance to infection (one of the causes of the Black Death)
 * **Black Death**- Terrible plague( Bubonic and Pneumonic) that occurred mainly between 1347-1351 killing 25-50% of Europe's population. route through Europe: started in France and Italy and traveled along trade routes
 * ** bubonic plague ** -least toxic of plagues, killed 50-60% of its victims, severe symptoms, partially responsible for Black Death; most common and most important form in the diffusion of the Black Death
 * // **Yersina pestis**- // bacteria that caused bubonic plague, was transmitted by rat's fleas
 * **pneumonic plague**- form of the plague that could be transmitted form person to person
 * ** Giovanni Boccaccio's ** // **Decameron**- // said that everone abandoned all responsibility and felt as if their days were numbered during the Black death. written in the vernacular and told from a secular point of view. it reflects the immediate easygoing, cynical postplague values
 * ** flagellants ** -those who participated in public flogging in order in repentance of sins
 * ** pogroms ** -organized massacres of Jews in Germany
 * ** Statute of Laborers ** -attempted to limit wages to preplague levels and forbid the mobility of peasants as well, passed by the English Paliament in 1351
 * t ** he ** // **Jacquerie**- // a peasant revolt in 1358, caused by plague, economic upheaval and also effects of the 100 yrs war, in France
 * ** Wat Tyler ** -well to do peasant, led English Peasant Revolt with John Ball
 * ** John Ball ** -preacher, led English Peasant Revolt with Wat Tyler
 * ** Florence's ** // **ciompi**- // 1378, wool workers revolt from which they gianed the right to form guilds and be represented in government; however, all rights were lost by 1382
 * **the longbow**- a large bow drawn by hand and shooting a long feathered arrow. It was the chief weapon of English armies from the 14th century until the introduction of firearms. Had more rapid speed of fire than the more powerful crossbow. Invented by the Welsh.
 * **the Battle of Crecy**-. A battle between the french and english; the french mounted a calvary charge and the English archers devastated the french Calvary. The battle was a stunning success for the english
 * ** Henry V-king of England (1413-1422) ** renewed the hundred years war during a period of civil war in France. He won the battle of Agincourt and was named Heir to the throne of France. He also reconquered normandy.
 * ** the Battle of Agincourt ** -6,000 French men died and only 300 English men died,1415, which helped cause the Treaty of Troyes.
 * ** Joan of Arc ** -peasant born in 1412, felt her favorite saints were motivaing her to lead the French, inspired French soldiers and they won the Seige of Orleans and credited her inspiration, captured by burgundians, the inquisition charged with witchcraft and burned at the stake, exonerated of these charges, made a saint of the Catholic church in 1920
 * ** Orleans ** -battle where Joan of Arc inspired the French army, major turning point in the war and gave the french sole control of the loire river valley
 * ** Charles the dauphin/VII ** -considered himself to be real heir of French throne despite being disinherited by the Treaty of Troyes, governed southern 2/3 of France, crowned king in July 1429
 * ** gunpowder- ** invented by the chinese during the 11th century, and aided the French victory due to its use in the cannon
 * ** the ** // **gabelle**- // French tax on salt the
 * ** //taille-// ** French tax on each household and the amount of land they held
 * ** dukes of Burgundy and Orleans ** -competed to control Charles and the French monarchy. Struggles created chaos for the French government and people.
 * ** Golden Bull of Charles IV- ** document issued by Charles IV that created the electoral principle for the kings of germany and created a generally weak german monarchy
 * ** Italian communes- larger city states such as Florence,Venice,and Milan adopted or took over smaller city states **
 * the Visconti and the d'Este-where the hereditary despots of Milan until Giangaleazzo visconti purchased the title of Duke from the Holy Roman Emperor **
 * **// condottieri- //**Leaders of mercenary soldiers
 * **// grandi- //**A patrician class of nobles who ruled Florence before the popolo grasso took over
 * // **popolo grasso-** //Wealthy merchant-industrialist class that dominated the florentine republic "fat people"
 * // **popolo minute-** //Small shopkeepers and artisans
 * ** Council of Ten and the doge- ** the government system in Venice was an oligarchy of two hundered families; council of ten became the real executive power in venice. the doge(or duke) was mainly just a figurehead and held no real power
 * ** Pope Boniface VIII's **// **Unam Sanctam** - // The strongest statement ever made by a pope on the supremacy of spiritual authority over the secular authority.
 * ** Avignon- ** city in Holy Roman Empire but on the border of France where the Popes lived for 52 years
 * **Catherine of Siena-** person with saintly visions, who went to the Pope in Avignon and appealed for his return to Rome
 * ** Great Schism- ** Italian and Roman citizens threatened the College of Cardinals to chose an Italian, Pope Urban IV, and return the papacy to Rome. Then French Cardinals said that they were forced to elect the Italian and then elected Clement VII to rule Avignon and then Council of Pisa elected Alexander V to try to over power the other 2 and then finally Council Of Constance was called and elected Martin V to be the pope
 * ** The Antichrist - ** The person who is the bearer of the End times and he claims to be Jesus
 * ** Conciliarism ** - belief that the great schism could only be solved by a general council of the church and its "head members"
 * **Marsiglio of Padua-** rector of the university of of Paris and wrote the // Defender of the Peace // argued that the church was only one element of society and most be confined to spiritual functions and that the spiritual authority must not reside with the Pope but with a general church council representing it's members
 * ** Council of Constance ** -called by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, lasted from 1414-1418, ended the Great schism and ended in the election of a Roman as Pope
 * **purgatory-** the place where the soul went following death before ascension to heaven where the soul is purified of punishment for sins committed in life
 * **good deeds and pilgrimages-** became more popular in the late middle ages as people lost trust in the clergy and preferred a more mechanical path to salivation
 * **Meister Eckhart-** Dominican theologian that sparked a mystical movement in western germany based on the union of the soul with god
 * **Modern Devotion-** a religious movement in the German low countries that was founded by Gerard Groote and centered around people imitating jesus and leading lives dedicated to serving others
 * ** Brothers of the Common Life- ** a religious movement of laypeople that followed the teaching of Gerard Groote
 * **William of Occam and nominalism-** a philosopher that had a radical interpretation of nominalism emphasized that reason could not prove spiritualtruths and the use of reason to explain observablephenomena of the world
 * ** The vernacular- ** the common everyday langue of the people
 * ** Dante's // Divine Comedy- //**italian vernacular story that details the souls progression to salvation
 * ** Petrarch's sonnets- ** written by Francesco Petrarca, Considered one of the European Greatest Poets, inspired by his love for a women named Laura and also incorporated Italian vernacular into his poems
 * ** Chaucer's //Canterbury Tales-// ** //brought a sophistication, beautiful expression, forceful language and His East Midland dialect into the chief ancestor of the modern English language//
 * ** Christine de Pizan- ** Her father had a position in the French courts which allowed for Pizan to get a good education. Her husband died when she was 25 and left with 3 children and a mother to support. "Book of the City of the Ladies" and denounced male writers who denounced females.
 * ** Giotto- ** desired for his paintings to imitate nature, forerunner of early renaissance, raised in a peasant family, had 3D in his paintings and captured grief and despair of mourners.
 * ** Francisco Traini's //The Triumph of Death -// ** //depicts young aristocratic hunters finding dead corpses on the hunt and repulsing in// //disgust//
 * ** the "four humors" - ** theory grounded in classical Greek that each element is connected to particular organs: Blood - Air(From the heart), phelgm - Water(from the brain) yellow bile- fire(from the liver) and black bile - ground(from the spleen)
 * ** clocks - ** invented by the end of the 13th century and perfected in the 14 century, installed in towers and churches and changed the way we perceive time
 * ** Eyeglasses ** - introduced near the end of the 13nth century and perfected in the 14nth century, made smaller script easier to read and allowed people conserve paper by allowing them to write small
 * ** Paper- ** 14nth century invention, newer cheaper paper was made from cotton rags

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Chapter 11 Multiple Choice Answers
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