Chapter+20

__**//Chapter 20 Vocabulary Words//**__

__**Agricultural Revolutio**__n - the application of new agricultural techniques that allowed for a large increase in productivity in the eighteenth century. __**Capital**__- material wealth used or available for use in the production of more wealth __**Cholera**__- an infectious epidemic disease common in many urban areas during the nineteenth century concern about the disease and the filthy conditions that helped it spread led to public health measures. __**Cottage**__ **Industry** - a system of textile manufacturing in which spinners and weavers worked at home in their cottages using raw materials supplied to them by capitalist entrepreneurs. __**Entrepreneur -**__ one who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk in a business venture in the expectation of making a profit __**Joint-Stock Investment Bank -**__ a bank created by selling shares of stock to investors. Such banks potentially have access to much more capital than do private banks owned by one or a few individuals. __**Tariffs**__ - duties (taxes) imposed on imported goods usually imposed both to raise revenue and to discourage imports and protect domestic industries. __**Trade Union**__ - an association of workers in the same trade, formed to help members secure better wages, benefits, and working conditions.

[|Quizlet]

__**//Chapter 20 Identify//**__


 * 1) **__ Industrial Revolution __** - made Great Britain the wealthiest country in the world, spread across Europe and New World, started with the agricultural revolution, went through technological advances creating more efficient processes and decreased labor
 * 2) **__ Agricultural Revolution __** - changes of methods of farming and stock breeding, increase of food production, lower prices of goods, could now purchase manufactured goods, rose along with rapid increase in population
 * 3) **__ Cotton industry __** - started with cottage system, upgrading to technological advances, make cheap cotton goods, using less labor
 * 4) **__ Canals __** - way of transportation by water: goods and people, connecting two larger bodies of water
 * 5) **__ Richard Arkwright’s water frame __ - spinning machine, powered by water or horse compensate with spinning jenny and flying shuttle, to make textiles **
 * 6) **__ James Hargreve’s Spinning Jenny __ - creates more efficient process of larger quantities of yarn **
 * 7) **__ Samuel Crompton’s mule - __** combined aspects of water frame and spinning jenny, hybrid of horse and donkey, stronger labor
 * 8) **__ Hand-loom __**__ weavers __ - slower process, earlier inefficient looms, replaced by machines, to make textiles
 * 9) **__ The cottage __**__ system __ - started at the homes of wage laborers under authority of a merchant, each house assigned a different job, earned wages
 * 10) **__ Coal and __ coke ** - coal used as natural resource to power the steam engine giving the factory a flexible location instead of next to the river, leading to coal production, coke used to slowly burn coal and heats faster than charcoal, more quantity can be made
 * 11) **__ James __ Watt ** - invented the steam engine
 * 12) **__ Rotary __**__ engine __ - turns a shaft and drives machinery
 * 13) **__ Henry __**__ Cort __ - developed the puddling process
 * 14) __ Puddling __ - process of coke used to burn away pig iron and form high quality wrought iron (malleable and withstand strain)
 * 15) **__ Richard __**__ Trevithick __ - built the first steam-powered locomotive going 5 miles per hour
 * 16) **__ George __**__ Stephenson __ - built the Rocket with his son, locomotives were on the first time ont he modern railways in Britain
 * 17) **__ The __**__ Rocket __ - went 16 miles per hour, first to be used on the public railway
 * 18) __ Railroads __ great way of transportation, new job opportunities, faster cheaper transportation, there became a new network "most important single factor in promoting European economic progress in the 1830s and 1840s
 * 19) **__ The __**__ Factory __ - taking over work in cottages, more job opportunities, paid wages to run machines, no more paid of production (cottage system) whole families work together
 * 20) **__ Factory __**__ discipline __ - need people to work hard hours, new system to form most efficient system, punishments if not up to owner's standards
 * 21) **__ Great Exhibition of __**__ 1851 __ - industrial fair, crystal palace, showing all products created in the Industrial Revolution, man's domination over nature, Queen Victoria and family came to see, also showed imperial power through India's products
 * 22) **__ The Crystal __**__ Palace __ - made entirely of glass and iron, tribute to engineeering skills
 * 23) ** Tariffs ** - used for the Continent to compete with British's cheap goods, protective tariffs
 * 24) **__ Joint-stock investment __ banks ** - a bank created by selling shares of stock to investors. Such banks potentially have access to much more capital than do private banks owned by one or a few individuals.
 * 25) **__Credit__** __Moblier__ - french banking company financed products during Industrial Revolution
 * 26) **__ The __ Kreditanstalt ** - Austrian bank, known for commerce and Industry, largest bank of Austria-Hungary, finance
 * 27) **__ The American __**__ System __ - efficient way of making finished products identical, reduced costs, saved labor
 * 28) **__ Steam __ boats ** - transportation through water and canals, people and products for market
 * 29) **__ India’s cotton cloth __ production ** - handmade cotton cloth, deliberate policy to prevent growing Industrial Revolution, deal with Britain to export raw material and buy British-made goods
 * 30) **__ Ireland ands the __**__ potato - __ the potato provides great nutrician and easy farming, Ireland relatively poor so potato helped feed the people and increase population, grows three times more, depended on potato for survival
 * 31) **__ The Great __**__ Famine __ - a fungus spread across the potatos in Ireland causing malnutritian and starvation
 * 32) __ Suburbs __ - outer ring of the cities, wealthy, middle-class people could have their own private house and garden, insulated themselves from bad conditions in cities
 * 33) **__ Britain’s Poor Law __**__ Commission __ - made detailed reports of the poor, moral and physical consequences of cities and sanitation
 * 34) **__ Edwin __ Chadwick ** - urban reformer, formed modern sanitary reforms with efficient sewers and piped water, wanted to eliminate poor and squalor, //Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain//
 * 35) ** Cholera ** - an infectious epidemic disease common in many urban areas during the nineteenth century concern about the disease and the filthy conditions that helped it spread led to public health measures.
 * 36) __Bourgeoisie__ - originally burgher or town dweller, had jobs and paid wages, special set of rights, upgraded to be able to buy land
 * 37) **__ The old and new __**__ elites __ - new opportunities to new industrial middle class, start to earn status through profits in money, inventions, business, and ownership, new entrepreneurs, access more wealth and come in equality with traditional landed elites
 * 38) **__ Working __ class ** - increased use of women and children, laboring class under the entrepreneurs and middle class, consisting of Proletariat
 * 39) **__ Child __**__ labor __ - cheap form of labor, easily controlled and punished, at very young age at seven start working
 * 40) **__ Domestic __ servants ** - those who work in the employer's house, traditional elite order
 * 41) **__ Trade __**__ unions __ - an association of workers in the same trade, formed to help members secure better wages, benefits, and working conditions.
 * 42) **__Robert__** __Owen__ - called for creation of voluntary associations to demonstarte benefits of cooperative instead of competitive living, appeal to leaders of trade unionists, social reformer
 * 43) **__ The Grand National Consolidated Trade __**__ Union __ followed Owen's program, February 1834, national federation of trade unions, coordinate a general strike for eight-hour working day, collpase with no working-class support
 * 44) **__ The Amalgamated Society of __**__ Engineers __ - largest succesful union, provision of generous unemployment benefits in return for a small weekly payment, practical gain
 * 45) __ Luddites __ - skilled craftspeople in Midlands and northern England, 1812, attacked machines believed to threaten their livelihoods
 * 46) **__ Chartism and the People’s __**__ Charter __ - "first important political movement of working men organized during 19th century," wanted to achieve political democracy, named after People's Charter, some women joined as well
 * 47) **__ The London Workingmen’s __**__ Association __ - drew up people's charter, demanded foruniversal male suffrage, payment for members of Parliament, elimination of property qualifications for members of Parliament, annual sessions of Parliament
 * 48) **__ Factory __**__ acts __ - government starts to take action against the evils of industrial factories, reform-minded individuals, condemning abuse of children, shortened working times and gave education during working hours, system of inspection ensures these new rules
 * 49) **__ Ten Hours Act of __**__ 1847 __ - children between thirteen and eighteen are limited to ten hours a day, women were also included
 * 50) **__ Coal Mines Act of __**__ 1842 __ - eliminated employments of under seven years old of boys and women in the mines
 * 51) ** __ The __ ** __ Workhouse __ - Poor Law Act of 1834, jobless poor people were forced to live, family members were separated, forced to lvie in dormitories, given work assignments, and fed awful food

[|Quizlet]

__**//Chapter 20 Primary Source Reading Questions//**__

//As you read, be sure to annotate your readings. Underline passages that you agree or disagree with or that you find interesting. Make notes of questions that you might have or that are left unanswered by the text. Plan to bring these points up in class during our discussion.//

Edward Baines – BRITAIN’S INDUSTRIAL ADVANTAGES AND THE FACTORY SYSTEM Adam Smith – THE DIVISION OF LABOR Sadler Commission – REPORT ON CHILD LABOR Friedrich Engels – CONDITIONS OF THE WORKING CLASS ENGLAND FACTORY RULES

10. How might these rules have affected the lives of families?
 * 1) Apart from its natural resources, what other assets for industrial development did England possess?
 * 2) What were the factory system’s advantages over the domestic system of production?
 * 3) How, according to Adam Smith, did the division of labor lead to increased productivity?
 * 4) According to the testimony given to the Sadler Commission, how young were the children employed in the factories? How many hours and at what times of day did they work?
 * 5) What do you think were the reasons for the employment of children from the employers’ point of view? From the parents’ point of view?
 * 6) What measures were employed in the factories to keep children alert at their tasks?
 * 7) According to Friedrich Engels, how had the industrial city caused deterioration in the quality of human relationships?
 * 8) What did Engels mean by the statement that “human society has been split into its component atoms”?
 * 9) Judging by the Berlin factory rules, what were the differences between preindustrial and industrial routines?

__**//Chapter 20 Multiple Choice Answers//**__


 * B
 * E
 * A
 * A
 * E
 * B
 * D
 * B
 * C
 * A
 * C
 * C
 * E
 * C