Chapter+12

Ch 12 Vocabulary List


 * Renaissance** - period in Europe which saw the rebirth of antiquity or greco-roman civilization


 * Hermeticism** - The set of philosophical and religious beliefs based on the writings of Hermes Trismegistis. Product of the Florentine intellectual environment of the late 15th century, these manuscripts stressed the occult sciences with an emphasis on astrology, alchemy, or magic, and theological and philosophical beliefs and speculations.


 * Neo-Platonism** -Exposition of the Platonic philosophy, merging of plato and christianity.


 * Nepotism** -used by popes to promote their families' interests. popes would give their kids positions in the college of cardinals and encourage them to make territories for themselves out of the papal states


 * New monarchies**-the states that made attempts to reestablish the centralized power of monarchical governments (esp: France, England, Spain)


 * Patricians**-people with wealth from capitalistic enterprises which enabled them to dominate urban communities


 * Humanism** - known as "the most important literary movement" during the Renaissance. The works of Greece and Rome consists of grammar, poetry, philosophy, and history in which the subjects became known as the humanities.


 * Condottieri** -Leaders of mercenary soldiers


 * Balance of power**-concept designed to prevent the aggrandizement(increasing of size) of any one state at the expense of the others


 * Civic humanism**- a humanist movement that became closely tied to the Florentine civic spirit and pride, the roman statesmen and intelectual Cicero inspired the renaissance ideal of an active intellectual life and active participation in the state.

Chapter 12 Vocabulary Quizlet

Chapter 12 Identify

__T**he Papal States**__ -lands in central Italy that were nominally under the political control of the popes __**Machiavell**i__ -Wrote a short treatise on political power that gave him a reputation as a political opportunist after participating in politics sa secretary to the Florentine Council of Ten __**Civic humanism**__-a humanist movement that became closely tied to the Florentine civic spirit and pride, the roman statesmen and intelectual Cicero inspired the renaissance ideal of an active intellectual life and active participation in the state. __**Leonardo Bruni’s**__ //**__The New Cicero__**// -Biography of Cicero in which Bruni waxed enthusiasm about the fusion of political action and literary creation __**Lorenzo Valla**__ -Papal secretary, wrote The Elegances of the Latin Language, an effort to purify medieval Latin and restore Latin to its proper position over the vernacular. examined proper use of Classic Latin and created a new literary standard __**Marcilio Ficino**__ -translated Plato's dialogues for Cosimo de Medici, one of the leaders at Florentine Platonic Academy, dedicated his life to the translation of Plato and the exposition of neoplatonism __**Neoplatonism**__-the Platonic philosophy based on two ideas: the hierarchy of substances (plants lowest form, God highest, humans in middle) and a theory of spiritual love (all parts of universe held together by bonds of sympathetic love) Exposition of the Platonic philosophy, translation of Plato __**Renaissance Hermeticism**__- Product of the Florentine intellectual environment of the late 15th century, these manuscripts stressed the occult sciences with an emphasis on astrology, alchemy, or magic, and theological and philosophical beliefs and speculations. __**Pico della Mirandola’s**__ //__**Oration**__// -One of the most famous pieces of writing of the Renaissance, nuggets of universal truth that were part of God's revelation to humanity, unlimited human potential, believed in Hermeticism __**“liberal** **studies”**__- history, moral philosophy, eloquence, letters, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music, and strived to create individuals who followed a path of virtue adn wisdom and possessed the rhetorical skills which to persuade others to do the same. __**Lorenzo the Magnificent**__ - head of the Medici family, patron of the arts, controlled Florence's government, City's leading citizen __**Botticel****li**__ -his intrest in Greek and Roman mythology, gave his characters a worldly quality that is far removed from the realism //__**Primavera**__ -// by Botticelli painting in the garden of venus, a garden of eternal spring, the figures have a worldly quality that is different from works during it's time __**Donatello’s**__ //__**David**__// - the first life size freestanding bronze nude in European art since antiquity, radiated a simplicity and strength that reflected the dignity of humanity __**Brunelleschi’s Dome**__ -A dome built by Brunelleschi between 1420-1436 that spanned a 140 foot opening __**High Renaissance**__ -Final stage of Renaissance art, flourished between 1480-1520, increased importance of Rome as a new cultural center of the Italian Renaissance __**Leonardo da Vinci**__ -Artistic giant during the High Renaissance, transitional figure in the shift to High Renaissance principles, initiated the preoccupation with the idealization of nature, Last Supper __**Raphael**__ -Attempted to achieve an ideal of beauty surpassing human standards, School of Athen which reveals a world of balance, harmony, and order-the underlying principles of the art of the Classical world of Greece and Rome **__Sistine__ __Chapel__-**Chapel in Rome which Pope Julius II called Michelangelo to decorate the ceiling __ **Bramante and St. Peter’s-** __ Architect of the Tempietto, columns, dome, and sanctuary form a monumental and harmonious whole, captured the grandeur of Ancient Rome __** Giorgio Vasari’s Lives of **__ **__Artists__-** Painter who wrote a biography of Leonardo de Vinci among other artists __ **Northern** **Renaissance-**__ Artists in the north took different approaches, choosing to focus on details **__Jan van Eyck__-**Among first to use oil paint, Giovanni Arnolfini and HIs Bride, work truly indicative of northern Renaissance painters **__Albrecht Durer__-**Greatly affected by the Italians, Adoration of the Magi, paid attention to details while achieving a standard of ideal beauty by a careful examination of human form **__Madrigals__-**Chief form of secular music during the Renaissance __ **“new monarchies”-** __the states that made attempts to reestablish the centralized power of monarchical governments (esp: France, England, Spain)
 * __Renaissance__** -Rebirth of greco-roman civilization, birthplace of the modern world, revival of antiquity, the perfecting of the individual, and secularism
 * __Jacob Burckhardt__** -Swiss historian and art critic who created the modern concept of the Renaissance in his book The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, published in 1860
 * __Leon Battista Alberti__** -Florentine architect said that "Men can do all things if they will"
 * __Hanseatic League__** -A commercial and military association formed by North German coastal towns that established settlements and commercial bases that had a monopoly on northern european trade for almost 200 years.
 * __House of Medici__** -Greatest bank in Europe and bankers of the Papacy, suffered a rather sudden decline at the end of the 15th century
 * __Castiglione’s__** //**__Book of the Courtie__r** -Baldassare Castiglione's book that described the 3 basic attributes of the perfect courtier//
 * __Condottieri__** -Leaders of mercenary soldiers
 * __Francisco Sforza__** -a condottieri who turned on his Milanese employers and conquered Milan and became the duke of Milan
 * __Cosimo d’Medic__i** -medici who in 1434 took control of the florentine oligarchy
 * __Isabella d’Este__** -daughter of the duke of ferrara, educated and was know for her intelligence and political wisdom, called the first lady of the world, married duke of mantua and during his absence she successfully rulled mantua
 * __The Peace of Lodi__** -1454 ended a half century of warfare, started 40 years of peace in Italy and created an alliance system that created a balance of power
 * __Balance of Power__** - concept designed to prevent the aggrandizement(increasing of size) of any one state at the expense of the others
 * __1527 sack of Rome__** - Spanish sacking of Rome by King Charles I of Spain which led to the dominance of Spain in Italy
 * __The Prince__** -Written by Machiavelli, one of the most famous treatises on political power in the Western world, speaks of the acquisition and expansion of political power as the means of restoring and maintaining order
 * __Petrarch__** -Father of humanism, first intellectual to classify the Middle Ages as a period of darkness
 * __Francisco Guicciardini__** -Wrote The History of Italy and History of Florence that represented the beginning of modern analytical historiography, wrote to teach lessons, extensive background in government and diplomatic affairs
 * __Johannes Gutenberg__** -Gutenberg's Bible (1445-1450) was the first true book in the West produced from moveable type
 * __Masaccio__** -used monumental figures, a more relaistic relationship between figures and landscape, adn visual representation of the laws of perspective
 * __Michelangelo__- ** Accomplished painter, sculptor, and architect, influenced by neoplatonism, sistine chapel, creation of Adam, David

**Henry VII-** first Tudor king in England. created a strong central monarchy. ended "livery and maintenance" and created the Court of Star Chamber(allowed for torture to be used in order to extract information), tried to avoid wars, and gained the favor of the middle class by not taxing them so much **Ferdinand and Isabella-** attempted to unify spain by stripping the royal council of aristocrats and filling it with middle class lawyers instead, got a more professional army, controlled the Catholic Church by eliminating by restoring discipline and eliminating immorality among the clergy, and set up the Inquisition in an attempt to create an absolute religious orthodoxy **Spanish Inquisition-** court rulings set up by Ferdinand and Isabella to determine who was a Christian and who was a Jew or Muslim. Muslims and Jews were either driven out or killed **The Hapsburgs-** failed to create a strong centralized monarchy and their only success was through their smart political marriages **Ivan III-** under his rule, the principality of Moscow was born. He also annexed other Russian principalities and ended Mongol rule in Russia
 * __Louis XI the Spider__- ** Wily, devious, King of France, Retained the taille as a permanent tax, tried to repress the French nobility

**John Wycliff-** said that the Bible should be a Christian’s sole authority and not the pope
 * Constantinople and 1453- ** Constantinople, the capitol of the byzantine empire, was captured by the ottoman empires in 1453

**John Hus-** urged the elimination of the worldliness and corruption of the clergy and attacked excessive power of the papacy within the Catholic Church. He was condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake

**Pius II’s //Execrabilis-//** condemned appeals to a council over the head of the pope as heretical. This resulted in the popes reasserting their supremacy over the catholic church

**Renaissance popes-** used bloodshed, intrigue, and nepotism to gain power. They were no longer over the temporal authority. they were also great patrons of Renaissance culture

IDENTIFYING QUIZLET

http://quizlet.com/13333092/ap-euro-chapter-12-test-review-flash-cards/

Here are some possible choices for essay questions that will appear on the exam. Make sure you are prepared to answer them.

Discuss the political development of Italy during the Renaissance. What new political practices (statecraft) did the Italians contribute to Europe? How are these new political practices reflected in the work of Machiavelli?

Discuss Italian Renaissance humanism. What does the word humanism mean? Who were the humanists? What were their goals? Did they achieve them?

"The major characteristic in the development of the 'new monarchies' was the expansion of central government authority in the areas of economic, political, judicial, military, and religious policy." Is this a valid statement in regard to England, Spain, and France? Was the pattern of political development the same in Eastern Europe?

Discuss the major characteristics of the Renaissance papacy. What impact did the policies of the Renaissance popes have on the Catholic Church?

Chapter 12 Readings and Questions - (Perry Sources)

//Please remember, in order to better understand, the author’s back ground and point of view and the context in which the document was written, you need to read the introduction material provided by the editors of the book.//

//As you read, remember to underline or otherwise make notes of passages that provoke your interest (agree, disagree etc.) Make note of these and bring them up during class discussion.//

Petrarch – //The Father of Humanism// Leonardo Bruni //- Study of Greek Literature and A Humanist Educational Program// Pico della Mirandola //– Oration on the Dignity of Man// Niccolo Machiavelli //– The Prince// Baldassare Castiglioni //- The Book of the Courtier//

Be prepared to discuss the following question in class.


 * 1) 1.What do historians mean by the term “Renaissance Humanism”? Product of the Florentine intellectual environment of the late 15th century, these manuscripts stressed the occult sciences with an emphasis on astrology, alchemy, or magic, and theological and philosophical beliefs and speculations.
 * 2) 2.What made Petrarch aware that a rebirth of classical learning was necessary in his time?
 * 3) 3.Why did Leonardo Bruni abandon his earlier course of studies to pursue the study of Greek Literature?
 * 4) 4.According to Pico della Mirandola, what qualities did humans alone possess? What did its possession allow them to do?
 * 5) 5.In what ways was Niccolo Machiavelli’s advice to princes a break from the teachings of medieval political and moral philosophers?
 * 6) 6.What was Machiavelli’s view of human nature? How did it influence his political thought?
 * 7) 7.Would Machiavelli’s political advice help or hurt a politician in a modern democratic society? Explain.
 * 8) 8.Would you rather be loved or feared?
 * 9) How does Castiglione's ideal Gentleman reflect of Renaissance humanism and art?
 * 10) How do you think Castiglione's advice to Renaissance courtiers has affected 21st century life?

Chapter 12 Multiple Choice Answers
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