Chapter+16

//**Ch 16 Vocabulary Words:**//

__Cartesian Dualism__ – Descarte's principle of the separation of mind and matter (and mind and body) that enabled scientists to view matter as something separate from themselves that could be investigated by reason

__Empiricism__ – the practice of relying on observation and experiment

__Geocentric conception__ - the belief that the earth was at the center of the universe and that the sun and other celestial objects revolved around the earth

__Heliocentric theory__ – the belief that the sun, not the earth, is at the center of the universe

__Hermeticism__ – an intellectual movement beginning in the fifteenth century that taught that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature; it included works on alchemy and magic as well as theology and philosophy. The tradition continued into the seventeenth century and influenced many of the leading figures of the Scientific Revolution.

__Scientific method__ – a method of seeking knowledge through inductive principles. using experiments and observations to develop generalizations.

__Querelles des femmes__ – "arguments about women." A centuries-old debate about the nature of women that continued during the Scientific Revolution as those who argued for the inferiority of women found additional support in the new anatomy and medicine.

__Rationalism__ – a system of thought based on the belief that human reason and experience are the chief sources of knowledge.

__Scientific revolution__ – the transition from the medieval world-view to a largely secular, rational, and materialistic perspective that began in the seventeenth century and was popularized in the eighteenth.

__World-machine__ - Newton's conception of the universe as one huge, regulated, and uniform machine that operated according to natural laws in absolute time, space, and motion.

[|Vocabulary Quizlet]

__**Chapter 16 Identify**__

“God’s Handiwork"- scientists took an interest in the world around them

“natural philosophers”- medieval scientists who preferred refined logical analysis to systematic observations of the natural world

alchemy and hermetic magic- fused into a single intellectual framework

Ptolemaic universe- geocentric conception, finite

Aristotle- circular planetary movement, added to synthesis of the cosmological view along with ptolemy and christian theology

Geocentric conception- universe was seen as a series of 10 concentric spheres with a fixed or motionless earth at its center

The Empyrean Heaven- beyond tenth sphere in geocentric conception, location of God and all saved souls

Epicycles- concentric spheres within spheres in geocentric conception

Nicolaus Copernicus- created doubts about Ptolemaic system, //On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres//, heliocentric theory, CONDEMNED BY CATHOLIC CHURCH

//On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres-// by Copernicus, for fear of ridicule from fellow astronomers he did not publish until before his death

Heliocentric theory- the universe consisted of 8 spheres with the sun motionless at the center & the sphere of the fixed stars at rest in the eighth sphere

Tycho Brahe- detailed record of observations of the positions and movements of the stars and planets, rejected Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system

Johannes Kepler- Hermetic mathematical magic, discovering "music of the spheres", laws of planetary motions, ELLIPTICAL ORBIT, DISCREDITS PTOLEMY

Three laws of planetary motion- movement of planets around the sun was elliptical and sun not at center, planets speed is greater when closer to sun, planets with larger orbits revolve at a slower average velocity than those with smaller orbits

Galileo Galileo- inertia, telescope, //The Starry Messenger//, Catholic Church ordered him to reject copernican thesis, //Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican//

The Starry Messenger- Galileo revealed himself as a firm proponent of Copernicus's heliocentric system

//Dialogue of the Two Chief World Systems-// by Galileo, Italian instead of Latin; dialogue between Simplicio, Sagredo & Salviti; defense of the Coprecian system

The Inquisition- Holy office of Catholic Church, condemned Copernicus

Isaac Newton- Cambridge University, invented calculus, law of universal gravitation, chair in mathematics, //Principia//, world-machine

//Principia-// Isaac Newton's book; Universal Law of Gravitation & Three Laws of motion, "the hinge point of modern scientific thought"

Three laws of motion- 1. An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, 2. Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object), 3.For every action there is an equal and opposite re-action.

Universal law of gravitation- all objects of mass produce gravity, and are capable of attracting one another through these gravitational pulls.

Galen- dominated medieval medicine, four bodily humors, anatomy, physiology, and disease

Four bodily humors- doctrine by Galen, blood, yellow bile, phlegm, black bile, disease caused by imbalance of humors

Paracelsus- corrects Galen's errors//, dissension of the human body,// rely on observation and experiment, FATHER OF MODERN MEDICINE

“new drugs”- recognized by Paracelsus, made him father of modern medicine, along with concept of disease

Andreas Vesalius- corrected some of Galen's most glaring errors, //on the fabric of the human body//, anatomy, dissected human body

//On the Fabric of the Human Body-// by Vesalius, based on Paduan lectures, deviated from tradition by personally dissecting a body

William Harvey- //on the motion of the heart and blood, circulation of blood //

//On the Motion of the Heart and Blood-// by Harvey, circulation of the blood, observations and experiments

Robert Boyle- first to conduct controlled experiments, Boyle's law - volume of gas varies with pressure, believes in different shapes and sizes of elements and not of same matter (major part of Chemistry)

Antoine Lavoisier- made a system in naming elements, demonstrated fundamental rules of chemical combination, founder of modern chemistry, helped by wife - Marie-Anne

Margaret Cavendish- one of the most prominent female scientists, participant of crucial scientific debates, excluded from membership of Royal Society, attacked defects of rationalist and empiricist approaches to scientific knowledge, also believed in humans as masters of nature.

Maria Sibylla Merian- important entomologist through detailed illustrations of insects and plants, reproductive and evelopmental cycles of Surinam insect life

Maria Winkelmann- female astronomer in Germany, assistant of husband, discovered undiscovered comet, denied post of Berlin Academy because of being a woman.

//Querelles des femmes- arguments about women,// women being inferior of men: "proven" through science and scripture, women rise up in defense: feminism

Rene Descartes- Cartesian Dualism, //discourse on method,// concepts started from doubt started confusion and ended in philosophy, father of modern rationalism

//Discourse on Method- written by Descartes,// outlines of new mathematical-rationalist system with new commitment to mind, mathematics, and mechanical universe. Started with the doubt of his own existence

“I think therefore I am”- Descartes, Whatever reason said was true exists, in Discourse on Method, proof in itself

Descartes’ deductive method- start with self-evident truths then deduce to complex conclusions, each step of argument must be sharp and well founded like a mathematical proof, form logical conclusions

Francis Bacon- formed new method of acquiring knowledge, rejected Copernicus and Kepler, more support for increase of industry

Scientific Method- method of acquiring knowledge, how something works and why it happened, through inductive principles, empiricism

Francis Bacon’s inductive method- empiricism, from particular to general, scientific method, form correct generalizations through organized experiments and systematic observations, rejected copernicus and kepler, misunderstood Galileo

“to conquer nature in action”- Bacon, control and domination of nature as central proposition of modern science, technology, "human power"

Benidict de Spinoza’s pantheism- monism, God was the universe and nothing is separate from God

//Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner- Spinoza,// pantheism, published until after death, human beings were part of God or nature, failure of understanding God because of misunderstanding of human emotions and finding reason of existence: find understanding all to find happiness

Blaise Pascal- keep science and religion united, had a mystical vision, tried to convert rationalists to christianity, appealed to reason and emotion, invented calculating machine, theory of chance or probability, relied more on religion

//Pensees- (Thoughts)// "apology" for the Christian religion, appealing to reason and emotions for conversion

English Royal Society- little government encouragement, co-opted new members, informal gatherings of scientists, technological improvements for industry

French Royal Academy of Sciences- Paris, recognized by Louis XIV, government and state control and support, members appointed and paid salaries by state, only worked to benefit king and state: limited

//Journal des Savants-// French journal of concept of cooperation in science. published weekly, printed results of experiments and general scientific knowledge, appeal to scientists and educated public

//Philosophical Transactions-// Royal Society, papers of members and learned correspondence, direct to practicing scientists, scholarly journals

[|Quizlet 16 Vocab]

Chapter 16 Primary Source Readings

//Please remember, in order to better understand, the author’s back ground and point of view and the context in which the document was written, you need to read the introduction material provided by the editors of the book.//

//As you read, remember to underline or otherwise make notes of passages that provoke your interest (agree, disagree etc.) Make note of these and bring them up during class discussion.//

Galileo Galilei - LETTER TO THE GRAND DUCHESS CHRISTINA AND DIALOGUE CONCERNING THE TWO CHIEF WORLD SYSTEMS – PTOLEMAIC AND COPERNICAN Francis Bacon – ATTACK ON AUTHORITY AND ADVOCACY OF EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE Rene Descartes – DISCORSE ON METHOD


 * __Be prepared to discuss these questions in class.__**

> What was Galileo’s view on the use of Aristotle’s works as a basis for scientific endeavors?
 * 1) What was Galileo’s objection to using the bible as a sources of knowledge of physical things?
 * 2) What point was Galileo making in telling the story of the anatomical dissection?
 * 1) What intellectual attitude did Francis Bacon believe obstructed new scientific discoveries in his time?
 * 2) Why was Rene Descartes critical of the learning of his day?
 * 3) What are the implications of Descartes’ famous words: “I think therefore I am”?

Chapter 16 Multiple Choice Answers
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