Chapter+25

[|Quizlet]
 * Chapter 25 Vocabulary Words**
 * 1) **Bolsheviks - a small faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party who were led by Lenin and dedicated to violent revolution; they seized power in Russia in 1917 and were subsequently renamed the Communists**
 * 2) **Conscription - a military draft**
 * 3) **Genocide - the deliberate extermination of people**
 * 4) **Leninism - Lenin's revision of Marxism that held that Russia need not experience a bourgeois revolution before it could move toward socialism**
 * 5) **Mandates** - a system established after World War 1 whereby a nation officially administered a territory on behalf of the League of Nations. Thus, France administered Lebanon and Syria as mandates, and Britain administered Iraq and Palestine.
 * 6) **Militarism** - a policy of aggressive military preparedness; in particular, the large armies based on mass conscription and complex, inflexible plans for mobilization that most European nations had before World War 1
 * 7) **Mobilization - the organization of troops and supplies for service in time of war**
 * 8) **Nationalism - a sense of national consciousness based on awareness of being part of a community-a "nation"-that has common institutions, traditions, language, and customs and that becomes the focus of the individual's primary political loyalty**
 * 9) **Nationalization - the process of converting a business or industry from private ownership to government control and ownership**
 * 10) **Reparations - payments made by a defeated nation after a way to compensate another nation for damage sustained as a result of the war; required from Germany after World War 1.**
 * 11) **self-determination - the doctrine that the people of a given territory or a particular nationality should have the right to determine their own** **government and political future**
 * 12) **Soviets** - councils of workers' and soldiers' deputies formed throughout Russia in 1917 that played an important role in the Bolshevik Revolution
 * 13) **total war** - warfare in which all of a nation's resources, including civilians at home as well as soldiers in the field, are mobilized for the war effort
 * 14) **trench warfare** - warfare in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from a relatively permanent system of tenches protected by barbed wire; a characteristic of World War 1
 * 15) **war communism** - Lenin's policy of nationalizing industrial and other facilities and requisitioning the peasant's produce during the civil war in Russia
 * 16) **War Guilt Clause** - the clause in the Treaty of Versailles that declared that Germany (with Austria) was responsible for starting World War 1 and ordered Germany to pay reparations for the damage the Allies had suffered as a result of the war


 * Chapter 25 Identify**

No Man’s Land- land in between trenches

Black Hand- Serbian terrorist organization who are dedicated to create a pan-Slavic kingdom

Gavrillo Princip- the one who assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Sarajevo- where Archduke francis ferdinand was assassinated

“blank check”- German's promise to Austria to be by their side in support regardless of a war

The Schilieffen Plan- military plan based on assumption of Germany were to have a two-front war with France and Russia; first rapid invasion of France and then after defeat redeploy to against Russia

First Battle of the Marne- British start to mobilize and counterattacked with Britain and France; turn into statelmate with trench warfare

Battle of Tannenberg- Russians defeated and a lot of mobility; Germany no longer has Russia as a threat; August 30

Battle of Masurian Lakes- September 15; Russia also defeated here by Germans

Trench warfare- both sides in same positions for about four years, two sides living in trenches with only no man's land between the trenches

Verdun and the Somme- German and British stations where there were trench warfares

The machine gun and poison gas- military technology to put down loads of men who crossed No man's land; hard on breathing with gas; both caused millions of deaths

Central Powers- Bulgaria, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire

Lawrence of Arabia- persuaded the Arab princes to revolt against the overlords of the Ottoman empire

The Lusitania- German sinked this passenger liner with their submarines and more than one hundred Americans lost their lives

Unrestricted submarine warfare - German government control of their submarines; torpedo any ship that enters into their war zone; mainly to starve the British into submission

Tanks - first used to move across rough terrain and then later armed iwth machine guns; later made iwth more maneuverability; created new form of warfare

“total war” - affecting all lives of all citizens to battlefield; control of government to supply for the war; affecting society, economic, and political components; rely heavily on patriotism

Germany’s War Raw Materials board- formed by Walter Rathenau; allocate strategic raw materials and produce goods that were most needed

Britain’s Ministry of Munitions - ensure private industry would produce war material at limited profits; under David Lloyd George

Hindenburg - chief of General Staff; military hero of war control government and miltiary dictator

Ludendorff - deputy chief of staff; achieved same as hindenburg; system of complete mobilization for total war

Georges Clemenceau - strong leader of french war government; established clear civilian control of total war government

Ireland’s Easter Rebellion - Irish Republican Brotherhood and Citizens Army; occupied government buildings in Dublin on Easter Sunday; British forces crushed rebellions and had the leaders condemned to death

Nicholas and Alexandria- tsar of Russia and wife; strong sense of moral duty; personal charge of armed forces; no training; wife relied heavily on Rasputin (regarded as holy man) both controlled by this man

Rasputin- controlled the throne from behind; interfered with government affairs; later assassinated

Petrograd- series of strikes by working class women when the bread rationing caused the prices of bread to increase; shutted down all factories in the city; international woman's day

“Peace, Land, Bread” - demand of the women of the demonstration

Soviets- councils of workers' and soldiers' deputies; authority that represented the radical interests of the lower class and socialists

Bolsheviks- Russian Social Democrats; a party dedicated to violent revolution to destroy the capitalist system

V.I. Lenin- leader of the Bolsheviks; Marxist; organized Unionf or Liberation of the Working Class

The April Theses- Lenin's blueprint for revolutionary based on his version of the Marxist theory that Russia should go straight to socialism; use the soviets of soldiers, workers, and peasants and use them to overthrow the provisional government

Alexander Kerensky- prime minister of provisional government; moderate socialist; released bolsheviks from prison; power strengthened by support of Petrograd societs

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- with Germany; gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finalnd, and the Baltic provinces; promised peace to the people

Reds and Whites - reds were those supporting the bolsheviks; white were those against the bolsheviks (cause civil war later)

Leon Trotsky - organization military genius; commissar of war; reinstated draft and recruited and gave commands to former tsarist army officers

“war communism” - ensured regular supplies for red army; nationaliztion of banks and industries; forcible requisition of grain from peasants, centralization of state administration under Bolshevik control; in other words required everyone's participation

Alexandra Kollontai and the Zhenotdel - supporter of revolutionary socialism; push program for women's rights and social welfare reform; program to promote women's social reform and help women iwth divorce and women's rights; members brutally murdered

The Cheka - the new Red secret police; aim for only the destruction of anyone who opposed the new regime; "class enemies" - bourgeosie; promoted terror called the Red Terror

Second Battle of the Marne - Germany's attempt for one final military gamble; ending with near defeat and sueing for peace

November 11, 1918 - end of the war

Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg and the Free Corp - led the German communist party and established two paralleled governments (parliamentary republic and revolutionary socialist republic) consisting of Social Democrats and radicals; free corps consisting of anti-revolutionary volunteers who wanted to crush the rebels; attempt to seize control of Berlin (now all known as Communists)

Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points - justified the enormous miltiary struggle as being fought for a moral cause; steps for a just and lasting peace; also gave self-determination to the people

Treaty of Versailles - with Germany signed including Article 231 (War Guilt Clause) main job to punish Germany for the war; including territorial, military, and economic affects on Germany

League of Nations - hope to prevent future wars; future conflcits resolved peacefully

Article 231 - War Guilt Clause; germany had to pay reparations, and impose punishment on Germany for their aggression

Reparations - pay for all the damage on Allied governments and the people (consequence of promise for the Allied government to people) Germany will pay for the war effort

“dictated peace” - army reduced to 100,000 men, navy cut down, and airforce eliminated; and territory taken away

Yugoslavia - made from Serbia

League of Nations’ Mandates - a territory is administered by a nation and could not hide principle of national self-determination (peace settlement of mandates) no annexation of colonial territories

Chapter 25 Primary Source Readings Sources of the Western Tradition – Perry

//Please remember, in order to better understand, the author’s back ground and point of view and the context in which the document was written, you need to read the introduction material provided by the editors of the book.//

//As you read, remember to underline or otherwise make notes of passages that provoke your interest (agree, disagree etc.) Make note of these and bring them up during class discussion.//

Each Member of the Class will be assigned ONE of the readings. They will present an APPARTS analysis of their reading and answer the questions(s) associated with the reading.

Why did Heinrich von Treitschke regard war as a far more desirable condition than peace? According to Treitschke, what is the individual’s highest responsibility? According to Treitschke, what function does the hero serve in national life?
 * Heinrich von Treitschke – THE GREATNESS OF WAR - Eun-Bit, Wahl**

What conclusions did Friedrich von Bernhardi draw from his premise that war was “a biological necessity”?
 * Friedrich von Bernhardi – GERMANY AND THE NEXT WAR - Marshall, Thomas**

How did Union or Death seek to accomplish its goal of uniting all Serbs? Why type of people do you think were attracted to the objectives and methods of the Black Hand?
 * THE BLACK HAND - Chad, Salters**

Why was war welcomed as a positive event by so many different peoples? Do you think human beings are aggressive by nature? Explain your answer.
 * Roland Doregeles – PARIS: “THAT FABULOUS DAY” - Plezia**

Why was war welcomed as a positive event by so many different peoples? Do you think human beings are aggressive by nature? Explain your answer.
 * Philipp Scheidemann – BERLIN: “THE HOUR WE YEARNED FOR” - George, Waters**

Why did the events of July and August 1914 cause Bertrand Russell to revise his views of human nature? Do you agree with his assessment?
 * Bertrand Russell – LONDON: “AVERAGE MEN AND WOMEN WERE DELIGHTED AT THE PROSPECT OF WAR” - Hannon, Pitner**

In Erich Maria Remarque’s account, how did the soldiers in the trenches react to artillery bombardment? What ordeal did the attacking soldiers encounter as they neared the enemy trenches? What do you think would be the scariest aspect of trench warfare?
 * Erich Maria Remarque – //ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT - Nabors//**

How was Naomi Loughman’s Life transformed by her job as a munitions worker? What insights into gender and class distinctions at the time of World War I does Loughnan provide?
 * Naomi Loughnan – GENTEEL WOMEN IN THE FACTORIES - Locasio, Morland**


 * Magda Trott - OPPOSITION TO FEMALE EMPLOYMENT - McGee, Medrano**

What principles did Woodrow Wilson want to serve as the basis of the peace settlement? According to Wilson, what were the principal reasons for the outbreak of war in 1914?
 * Woodrow Wilson – THE IDEALISTIC VIEW - Raymond, Mayes**

What accusations did Georges Clemenceau make against the German national character? What contrast did he draw between the Germans and the French? Why, more than a decade after the war, did Clemenceau believe that Germany should still be feared?
 * Georges Clemenceau – FRENCH DEMANDS FOR SECURITY AND REVENGE - Schwartz, Maloney**


 * Army Intelligence Report - THE BREAKDOWN OF MILITARY DISCIPLINE- Vafiadis, Henderson**

What promises did V.I. Lenin hold out to his supporters should the revolution succeed?
 * V.I. Lenin – THE CALL TO POWER - Velez, Geis**

What did Paul Valery mean in saying that the mind of Europe doubted itself profoundly?
 * Paul Valery – DISILLUSIONMENT - Wilson, Escobedo**

What reasons can you think of why many Germans were attracted to paramilitary organizations immediately after the war?
 * Ernst von Salomon – BRUTILIZATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL - Bryant**

Chapter25 Multiple Choice Answers
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